La Grande Odalisque Essay Example for Free

La Grande Odalisque EssayJean Auguste Dominique Ingres was born on August 28th, 1780. He became one of Jacques-Louis Davids most famous and successful students. During Ingres time working with David, and eventually turning away from him, he became a p device of the Neo-Classicism movement loss behind, but not forgetting the Romanticism methods. Neo-Classicism is the 18th century restoration of tradition principles which lead Ingres to be one of the most famous draftsmen. Ingres was an extremely precise and expert man of his time and was most famous for his portraits especially his portraits of womanly nudes. In the year 1814, Ingres created one of his most famed masterpieces, La Grande Odalisque. It was created in Paris and unperturbed remains there in the museum by the name of The Muse du Loure. The painting is well- loven for its subject of fantasy and eroticism she was a passive, mysterious and an nameless being to the Western world, which made her audience long for answ ers.Throughout Ingres life he created many a(prenominal) pieces of work. In his well ahead years, Ingres continued to paint and strike his faultfinders. He eventually ended up on top, being insureed as one of the greatest living artists in France during that time. (Rifkin 15) He left behind many fans but no apprentices to carry on the Neoclassicism heritage. Ingres painted many historical, mythological, and religious subjects however, he is probably most respected for his portraits and female nudes. Ingress style highlights sound formations, along with smoothly painted surfaces, and very thorough drawings. In 1814, he created one of his many famous masterpieces, Grande Odalisque. It is 91 cm in height and 162 cm in length (35.8 63.8 in). (Peirce 50) It is an oil painting on bunsvas, with a subject of make-believe and sexuality. The painting was commissioned by Queen Caroline Murat of Naples, Napoleons sister. It was painted in the Neoclassicism movement in Paris, along with ma ny of his other works.This one in particular is of a nude female, who transpires to be an odalisque. An odalisque was a female slave in an Ottoman seraglio, especially the Imperial Hargonm of the sultan. (Peirce 54) La Grande Odalisque was formed by Ingres using some of Davids ideas and creating a female nude, in a bizarre and unfamiliar way. To the Western world she was nothing like theyd ever seen before, which caused confusion but a desire to want to know everything about(predicate) her In the mind of an early 19th century French male viewer, the sort of person for whom this image was made, the odalisque would have conjured up not but a harem slave, itself a misconception, but a set forth fears and desires. (Shelton 75) This was mainly because of the way in which Europe considered Islamic Asia they viewed the mass there as unique, barren and careless. To observers she was located in an almost make-believe world, much like how Western culture viewed the Eastern side of the worl d fantasized.At the time it was contraband for its physical wrongness in specific, the nude female was thought to have three lumbar vertebrae too many. (Shelton 78) It was an opinion stressed by art critics, but was never challenged or proven. When it had finally been studied, they found something out of the regular, we measured the length of the back and of the pelvis in human models, expressed the mean set in terms of head height, and transferred them to the painting. (Peirce 81) The falsification was found to be greater than what had been presumed originally La Grande Odalisque had five, rather than three, further lumbar vertebrae(Peirce 81). Basically, she is structurally impossible her rag is one that would be impossible to mimic. Since Ingres combined rationality and realism into his paintings some critics believe the deformation may perhaps exist on purpose and stick out for an emotional motive.The way in which the womans head is placed and how it the distance it is away from her pelvis suggests, the artist may have been marking the disconnection between her thoughts and her social role (Shelton 79) The face of the woman is where the observers eyes are drawn. Her expression is secluded, care-free and mysterious giving her an almost secret change feel about her. Her role as a harem is not to think of feeling she is there only for the purpose of pleasure. This theme is consistent with the role of women in the nineteenth-century views on female gender roles public women, i.e., prostitutes, fulfilled a vitally important social role as repositories of male sexual desire. (Siegfried, Rifkin, Willey 34) Her heed pulls viewing audience into her unknown world captures and traps. The main reason for her existence is to wait upon a man, but not just any man her conserve.With knowing that her husband is the only man to ever see her in this state, the viewer is pulled in and knowing they will never be able to experience her, she was part of the sultan har em, she was there to satisfy the carnal pleasures of the sultan, despise what she may feel or want. She reflects a womans deep thoughts, complex emotions and feelings.(Peirce 48) Her gaze tortures the viewer into smell and makes it difficult to look away. This piece is full of sensuality, mystery and romanticism. The woman is surrounded by a dark background black with many different sunglasses of blue. Her and her body are really the only aspect of the painting holding any light colours.With this, she stand out to the viewer making her more(prenominal) prominent than ever. Even with her imperfections she is blessed with flawless skin, shoulders, legs, arms and hands. The items nearby her, the peacock fan, the turban, and the pearls suggest an unfamiliar place an exotic place. At her feet lies a hookah, which may come to the viewing audience as a shock its not for tobacco but rather opium. The harem may come off to observers as irrational, passive and drugged, which creates more desire to know what shes about. Is she offering it, or is she just high? That is a question that will never be answered, a question that keeps the viewers attention.La Grande Odalisque is what Western society believes a harem would look like. She is of the unknown but in a way that it becomes familiar. Since this is what the Western part of the world imagines and fantasizes about Islamic Asia, it makes them believe they are superior to whats in front of them. Ingres conveyed his subject of wants and desires by painting La Grande Odalisque, and having the Western part of the world view it you want what you cant have. That is one way in looking at it, another is Some art historians have suggested that colonial politics as well as played a role. (Shelton 81) Either way, Ingres combined what was happening to the world around him, two places so unfamiliar colliding together, with what the Western world wanted to see what is rattling happening is a completely different story than what one wants to believe is happening.La Grande Odalisque is recognized for its subject of desire for the unknown her gaze, her pose, and the inferior, yet exotic, items surrounding her are what makes her so incredible to what people consider the norm. She has deficiencies but her overall appearance is perfect she is nothing like her observers, which makes her that much more wanted its a conflict between La Grande Odalisque and the viewer. Society, even today, is scared of the unfamiliar. We take situations, events and even the little parts in life that we are unsure of and turn it into something that can be confronted, even if its not reality its what human beings do to feel safe from what we consider the abnormal. What makes this painting so unique is that people critique the way in which viewers see her, instead of the way she sees us she is an unacquainted with us, as we are with her.

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay Example for Free

Differentiating Between Market Structures EssayThere argon umpteen TV service suppliers available in the U. S however there are only two companies that flip services via satellite. traveling bag operates within the monopolistic competition mart. Dish has been in business since the early 1980s and has gradu tout ensembley worked its appearance up to become one and only(a) of the leading satellite provider and innovator of new technology. In 2013 they offer service to over 14 million subscribers nationwide. This securities industry in which it competes is where all firms save or so market power, which controls the market price. They produce the same product as Direct TV and no some other provider is in the same market.They know all competitor prices and services in order to be able to compare services and offer the best range to potential customers. Within the market structure buyers/consumers welcome the ability to know the prices of both companies so that they can d ecide which one will be break up for them. In this market customers have the ability to leave the service at either point in time. They can choose to cancel services if they are not content with the quality of the product, some may leave with no penalty while others may have to pay a penalty for the cancelation.Dish is a leader in the TV industry when it comes to equipment, programming and pricing,. They have to maintain a level of competitiveness in order to compete with other providers. Dish like any other troupe, is flavor to maximize realise and will provide service that is appealing to the customer in order to outgrowth customer base in turn change magnitude profit. Differentiating Between Market Structures In the pay TV industry, Dish has managed to out rank Direct TV in many areas such as customer service, equipment technology and pricing for programming.Dish is a company that offers promotions to all buyers/consumers in order to drag the grade up more enticing. The m arket structure in which Dish operates would be the monopolistic competition. Within the TV industry that Dish operates there is only one other company that is included, Direct TV. These two companies offer similar products and customers can choose whom they do service with. It is ideal for Dish to compete in this market because there are only two companies within the same industry. This market structure is suitable for Dish because it provides more opportunity to maximize profit due to the competition.Dish has more availability to customers and the opportunity to be able to increase customer rate in turn increasing the profit due to the circumstance that there are only two service providers. It cannot be in a monopoly market because there is another company that provides the same service or product. It also does not have extremely high prices or excessive barriers to commence services. They always provide affordable prices that will also benefit the company to increase profit. (M onopolistic Competition, 2013). Dish has many promotions that are being offered to obtain new customers and also retain the existing consumers.The company offers upfront discounts as a polarity up bonus to gain the attention of those prospective consumers. It offers up to $30 cites up front on the programming for the first twelve months of service. With a qualifying promotion the customer will have the activation and the equipment fees waived saving the consumer over $200. When existing customers look for any type of promotion they will have anything from discounts for a few months up to free programming. Even if the customers receive free programming Dish will still be fashioning a profit because of all the other programming, equipment and services they provide.A company is making profit with any service it provides because it continues to sell its service because it continues to sell its services to consumers. The strategies for Dish to obtain new customers are a good way for t he company to increase profit and obtain new customer base. Even though the company is making a profit off all the services they provide there are some changes to the promotions. For example, on the promotions that are offered to new customers I would recommend that they make the qualification process a little easier. They could reduce the belief score criteria and make it less of a hassle to qualify for Dish.There are some promotions for those customers that do not qualify for the highest promotion but the fees are such(prenominal) higher. They must pay for the activation fee plus the equipment fees. This can get high-ticket(prenominal) depending on the equipment the customer chooses. With the qualification being so strict many potential customers will be swayed to not obtain services. With the upfront discounts there should be on extension in the time they are offered but reducing the amount being given. For some of the customers that qualify may receive a credit up to $30 othe r may get credit ranging from $10 to $25 for the first twelve months of service.If the company reduces the amount given to customers and extends the time allowed for the credit more customers would be content and more likely continue with Dish service. ( Dish Network L. l. c. , 2013). There are customers that leave the service due to the credits ending and seeing an increase in the statements. Some of the consumers do not take into consideration any penalty for early termination. Customers will keep looking for the best deal that they can possibly obtain. If we provide more options on the discounts Dish would be able to retain more customers in turn increasing customer base.Another recommendation that would be made to Dish would be that they make upgrade on equipment more feasible and less expensive for consumers. For those customers that deficiency different equipment than the one that was installed. In some cases there would be a fee to upgrade the equipment the customer is decid ing to obtain. The fees can range anywhere amongst $0 up to $300 with a twenty four month commitment. Of those customers some may find the fees excessive and will decide to keep what they have or go with a different provider. This is preventing Dish from obtaining more revenue and increasing profit.For every company the main focus is to maximize profit. They have many different options in order to do so. Dish operates in a monopolistic competition market where there are only two companies that offer similar services. In this market Dish offers many promotions for potential customers as well as existing customers. The consumers are allowed to leave services at any point during the service period. Some may leave with no penalty and other with a penalty due to breaking a commitment. Dish, even with all the discounts, manages to still increase profit because of all the other services that Dish offers.They make money off of programming, equipment, internet services, online service, and phone service and with the company smash hit that was recently purchased by dish. With Dish and Direct TV in the same market and no other satellite competitor they are allowed to place their feature market power when it comes to price. They compete with each other for all potential consumers as well as existing customers. Each company wants as much of a customer base as possible in order to increase profitability. They will go to great lengths to obtain those consumers and increase profitability.

Validity and Reliability of Selection Interviews

Validity and Reliability of Selection InterviewsWhen Organisations atomic number 18 recruiting to find a suitable singular for a position they currently hold, it hatful be difficult to monitor and ensure that all possible steps are macrocosm targetn to ensuring that each(prenominal) interview carries the same(p) validity and reliableness. This is to ensure that each individual who is being interviewed is given the same equal opportunity, alongside the organisation employing an individual who suits the job specification best. Validity and reliability of coordinate interviews gouge induce a large impact on type of person that is employed and in addition affect the actual security that the person employed is the best meet from all the applicators.Selection interviews traditionally consist of a candidate interacting with one or very much people from the organisation who have tasked the candidate as meeting the criteria which the occasion requires. The interviews generally last between 15 and 60 minutes and military service the organisation decide whether or non an individual should be offered a job. In general, interviews follow one of three structures (Unstructured Semi-Structured and Structured). The three vary by the make sense of prior preparation for the interview in regards to questions to be asked and how the retorts should be assed. Often the more specific answers required from an interview will be shown by the more structured approach an interviewer will take in preparation of the questions.Reliability of the interview is argued to practically be low, in that interviewers do not follow the same methods of questioning or method of evaluating each individual interview. Additionally, it has been noted that interviewers support the extirpate decisions on different criteras, different standards, and alter in the amount the final examination decision is establish upon the original intended criteria (e.g., Graves, L.M. and Karren, R.J., 19 96. The employmentselection interview A fresh look at an old problem. Human Resource Management 35, pp. 163-180. Full text edition via CrossRef View Record in Scopus Cited By in Scopus (14)Timothy A. Judge, 2000 384). It has also been found that job performance is a lot more reliable and foretelling from structured interviews opposed to unstructured interviews. Research reviews of employment interviewing have concluded that carrying out an interview following a set structure can add to the reliability and validity of interviewer evaluations (e.g., Therese Macan, 1999 209).Natural instinct to cast a first impression on a person is a major factor in seek to ensure an interviewer casts an unbiased decision which follows the original selection criteria. During interviewing it is vital that each applicant is each given a fair and open opportunity and the end decision on whether or not they are offered the place within the organisation is based entirely on how they performed against the role criteria. Ensuring that Gender, Race, Disability and appearance do not hold any restrictions on each individual interview. A study was carried out which looked into how interviewers can cast a bias opinion based on appearance, finding that applicants which were moderately obese (in particular female applicants) were less likely to be considered for employment despite meeting the required criteria of a role including required qualifications (Timothy A. Judge, 2000 384).Further from this negatively charged information often appears to make more memorable for an interviewer than positive information. Research has outlined that it often requires upto twice as much positive information to change any negative information the interviewer may have initially cast of an individual. . As a result, the unstructured interview has been designate a search for negative evidence (Timothy A. Judge, 2000 384). This simply highlights the importance of an interview to have the ability to foc us on information passed during an interview to ensure that each applicant is assessed following the same criteria to avoid natural instinct having a major impact on each applicants interview.With interviews being generally an unnatural environment applicants generally spend time preparing for the interview, looking into the company history, preparing answers for generic answers that are usually asked for job roles of that criteria. This would inevitably lead to the answers given being unrealistic repartees of how an applicant may act in a role within an organisation. This simply highlights the importance of interview containing questions which are going to show a realistic response to show an applicants approach and ethos towards their starting life. During the interview this can be achieved by adding unstructured questions which will allow the interviewer to add and expand on answers given to fork over and get a more realistic and honest response which will further add to the value of the responses given from a candidate. This can also work well within a structured interview situation, as having an opening for several unprepared questions, can give a candidate further ascertain to show their true capabilities.Taking into account unavoidable effects (e.g. Anxiety, signs of being Nervous and body language) of environments like Interviews, consideration needs to be interpreted by the interviewer to account for these. Often fear levels can be raised for an applicant during interviews which can an effect on the responses and conduct during the interview which may result in the applicant not showing their full capabilities. A selection of Undergraduates took part in a mock interview model with peers, which shows sustained levels of raised anxiety before and during the interview, followed by a significant decrease directly after. (Therese Macan, 1999 209). During an interview it has to be taken into consideration that responses given can sometime be not a tru e reflection of a candidates natural response in any other situation, so allowing time and a chance to develop an answer is crucial to maintaining a high level of validity from the responses given.All of the elements within this essay which highlight possible affects on an interview fall part of what can be seen as a halo effect. With judgements and stereotyping being cast too easily without looking at each interviewee directly on how well they are suited to the role criteria of which their hiring for. Training for any interviewer is crucial, as they need to learn the ways in which they might cast these judgements subconsciously avoiding these spontaneous biases is one of the close to crucial parts of carrying out interviews to ensure that the most suited candidate is chosen. By following more structured interviews situations like the halo effect can be more easily avoided. By offering each candidate the same set of questions and time for their interview then they each will have as open an opportunity as possible to give their best response.In more recent years, human response management specialists have become more involved within the interviewing process as they have to ensure all interviews are following the orangisations equal opportunities policy. Following these latest changes it has opened more opportunities for minority groups which previous may have been of more of a disadvantage to have a fair and equal opportunity when applying for any role, and how they are assess during the selection interview stage.Overall trying to maintain a high level of validity and reliability within an unnatural environment can be difficult and hard to maintain. It is crucial within any interview environment to try and place measures which can both account for these abnormalities and a way to take them into account. If they are not fully considered then an organisation may end up employing an individual for a role which they are not the best suited from all the candidates. One of the most important factors to avoid is an interviewers personal opinion on a candidate as shown from the research in this essay they often can cast subliminal opinions on candidates because of personal opinion, anxiety and from misinterpreting responses during an interview. The employment of any individual for an organisiation is timely and costly exercise, ensuring all steps are taken to make the right decision on choosing a candidate is important. Make the wrong choice due to errors during the selection interview stage and a negative impact may be felt by the organisiation afterwards.

Marketing theories and concepts applied to Waitrose

Marketing theories and designs applied to WaitroseIn this report firstly I aim to examine different theories at bottom merchandise, secondly I would be critic all in ally analysing the common characteristics of a trade oriented organisations. Moving on from in that respect I would be explaining various elements of trade concepts victimization my research I carried turn away on Waitrose and would be evaluating and comparing the cost and benefits of market placeing approach for todays business.Furthering in this report I would be explaining how tools of macro and grim concepts would help in close make within marketing using Waitrose as my framework. Then I would be looking into the signifi tail assemblyce of segmentation and factors influencing during the selection of targeting strategy. To summarise this section, I would be looking into how bargainers behaviour affects any marketing activities in an organisation in two different situations.Finally, I would be examining how increase development helps Waitrose in sustaining a competitive advantage over their competitors and how ar their distri thoion channels they convey in place for their customers proving convenient for their customers and how it helps the business in return.Defining marketingThere atomic number 18 many an(prenominal) descriptions of marketing which generally revolve near the primacy of customers as part of an exchange process. Customers ask are the readtime point for all marketing activity. Marketing managers try to divulge these need and develop intersection points which give satisfy customers needs through an exchange process. As a business philosophy, marketing puts customers at the centre of all the organisations consideproportionns. This is reflected in basic levers such(prenominal) as the requirement to understand and respond to customer needs and the necessity to search constantly for new market opportunities.Marketing means more(prenominal)(prenominal) t han one thing. Many Marketing experts obligate many definitions of marketing, but some of them are based around different ideas of marketing. If you look at these two expert definitions of marketing, they are based on the idea of marketing cosmos a range of activities.Kotler defines marketing as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they extremity and need through creating, fling, and exchanging products of revalue with others. his view on marketing looks at marketing being more of an exchange process. Kotler, 1991Chartered Institute of Marketing defines it as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers requirements profitably.However, there exist numerous definitions of marketing it is always about loseing existing needs and anticipating future needs Bagozzi, 1975.In Elements of marketing, Prentice Hall, 1975Marketing is all those activities come to in getting goods from producers to handlin grs, including buying, selling, storing, transporting, advertising, and promoting the goods Bagozzi, 1975.A nonher view explains marketing as being more of a process of goods or services getting it from the supplier to the customer. This definition is based on that idea. Marketing is the per impressance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to customers. C E Merril. 1982Now after the definition of marketing, it is grand to understand the marketing concept. This concept holds to attain organizational goals depends on the needs and wants of the target market and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors.To illustrate the marketing concept pricking Drucker said if we want to know what business is we must first start with its purposeThere is only one valid definition of business purpose to create a customer. What business thinks it produces is not of first importance. What the customer thinks he/s he is buying, what he/she considers value is important-it determines what a business is, what it produces, and whether it will prosper? Peter Drucker, 1954Common characteristics of marketing oriented organisationsThe study feature of the marketing oriented organization is that they are aimed to stay closer to the customers and ahead of their competitors. The reason is that the basic aim of these organizations is to attract the customers. There are four-spot major characteristics which define the marketing oriented organizations including,Shared Values,Organization,Strategy,Customers.Firstly, all decisions of these companies consider the customers first and they share the common value of superior quality of products. Secondly, their organizational organise has genuinely few layers and their policies are not very difficult. Thirdly, the strategy of a market oriented organization is long term, flexible and participative. Finally, they consider the expectations of the stakeholders before making any important decision.The Marketing Concept and the shuffleThe marketing concept is a course of recipe how a company can achieve its goals by understanding the exchange partners and associated costs, being a response to external opportunities and threats and to internal strengths and weaknesses as a means of competitive advantage (Houston, 1986).Bagozzi (1975) underpins this viewpoint, arguing that marketing is a lot about the exchange paradigm which center ones on the question why parties take part in exchanges and how these work. The marketing mix is the organizations overall offer or value to the customer. The Marketing Mix is a term employ to describe the combination of tactics white plagued by a business to achieve its objectives by marketing its products or services effectively to a occurrence target customer group. Businesses need to make sure they are marketingThe right product, to the right person, at the right price, at the right place and at the right time.The aim of doing this is to gain a competitive advantage and thus to outperform competitors. (De Wit and Meyer, 1998)The concept of marketing mix and 4Ps was introduced in 1965.It has become the basic model of marketing and has been unchallenged since then. It is defined as the set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the wet blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for its product. It is considered that a common model for achieving this is the 4-P manakin as put forward by Kotler and Levy (1969). Lauterborn (1990) proposed that there were twelve dimensions of marketing, however, McCarthy reduced the model so that it became kn give as the 4Ps Product, Place, Price and promotional material.Waitroses Marketing MixThere are many factors that encourage Waitrose to vary its product mix, promotional offers pricing from store to store as place (location) is as well very important to Waitrose. .PriceAlthough Waitrose tries to operate a uniform national price list (all products sold at identical prices) it does admit to some price flexing to keep in concern with its competitors. A variation of prices between stores can be in response to the size of the store, position of a store, regional incomes, and customer preferences, which can all spend a penny major affects. To illustrate the picture, a Waitrose store situated in the centre of London whitethorn have richlyer prices compared to a Waitrose store out of town in Surrey. This can be due to the high operating costs of trading within the city centre. Transport costs can alike have an affect on prices especially to stores situated in London, as they will now experience the cost of the congestion charge, resulting in an increase in the cost of delivering stock. as well as stores may face higher(prenominal) costs because they are remotely located. Yet stores that have a local monopoly, because no a lternative sell is located within reasonable travelling distance, Waitrose may decide to exploit this by setting high prices. On the other hand, fierce competition will see low prices to attract the consumer who would have a choice in this case.Regional incomes and customer preferences can excessively have an effect on prices as sure areas may have lower incomes so prices of certain products may have to be decreased to meet the wealth of certain areas. All these factors have to be considered when Waitrose prices it products. Overall prices withinWaitrose tend not to vary as most stores are situated in the south of England so incomes and operating costs are fairly similar.ProductProduct mix may differ from area to area because of varying consumer tastes. For example, the Canary Wharf store is tailored to meet the needs of its affluent customer base as they offer designer breads, a sushi bar, a wine bar, a steak and oyster bar, and an exclusive wine basement offering vintage wines .Product mix may also vary in relation to what Waitroses competitors are doing, as Waitrose may feel they have to run certain products on the dot to keep up to date and in competition with its competitors.Additionally, Waitroses product mix may vary due to the size of the store and the blank shell allocation of products. Waitrose may choose to come out certain products in certain areas as they are good sellers and so the bigger store the more they may sell. Sales data is a good way of identifying where certain products should be situated between branches and a process of achieving sales data is by the use of electronic data interchange (EDI). Varying the product mix is part of an efficient consumer response system (ECR). By focusing on the efficiency of the supply system and thereby reducing cost enables Waitrose to offer products tailored to a region.A major advantage of own brands is their extremely short maturity process. Since own brands are commonly exact imitates of brande d manufacturers products. They benefit from this, by being immediately familiar with the customer.Most popular own brand products are those that show little difference to branded products, so-called inferior goods, where there is little room for differentiation.Retailers have the advantage of tracking market needs fast and move to the change in social life style (take away, healthy eating, alternatives food, exotic, ethnic foods) that encourage expanding in new own brand categories. The sellers have often been faster than the major branded producers to respond to consumers tastes, as it tends to be easier and quicker to alter lower volume, private label products specifications than higher volume manufacturer branded products.PromotionPromotional offers may be carried out within certain stores to help grow specific lines which do not sell well, in hope of increase sales, and matching sales targets of other stores, while encouraging shoppers to increase their spend within the store . Another reason for promotional offers to contrast between stores is so that they can compete against their local competitors offers in aim of keeping and gaining (counter competitor activity). A new store may also have promotional offers running at different times to other stores a means of winning customers, and increasing cognizantness of the new store. Different levels of store traffic can also have an effect on promotional offers, as stores with low traffic may carry out promotional offers in an attempt to increase the number of pack visiting the store. An alternative motive for the variation in promotional offers between stores can be to stimulate customers switching to own brand products, as certain stores may have low own brand sales.PlaceWaitrose is located principal(prenominal)ly in the south east of the UK with stores only as far pairing as Newark. The typical Waitrose strain is located in town centres next to other major shopping facilities. The average Selling Spac e of a Waitrose Store is under 1500 sq meter, which is fairly abject. However newly opened stores tend to be of at least 2000 sq meters and preferably 2500 sq metres. With the introduction of its food home store format, Waitrose has also started to build in out of town locations, however, this account for only a very small share.Costs and benefits of marketing approachThe principal benefit of marketing is that it enables companies to maximise their potential and reach the right customers at the right time. But any organisation should weigh up the costs approaching marketing. Every childbed is different and could end up with the costs mentioned below,Setting marketing focus structureInitial product development make excellent servicesAttracting attentions of customersBuilding long-time relationships with+customers+suppliers+distributorscustomer retentionA proper approach to marketing involves understanding the customer and his or her needs identifying the real needs of the market.A nd the below benefits are more likely to happenProfitsCustomer loyalty and trustLong term goalReputationPEST AnalysisPEST Analysis is used to finding out if the market is in growth or decline, or has potential and the direction of the business. PEST analysis is manly used for measurement implement. outside(a) factors usually are beyond the firms control and many of different times can cause problem and treats for a business, but external environment also creates new opportunities, this is different for each country because they have different rules and guidelines.Pest analysis can be used for market and business development and decision making.Waitrose PEST AnalysisPoliticalThe Government remains firmly committed to the objectives of PPG6, which seeks to sustain and enhance the vitality and viability of our existing city, town, district and local centres and to make them the focus for retail investment means that it is very difficult to get planning permission for out-of-town stores . The Competition Commissions report The Supply of Groceries from Multiple Stores in the united Kingdom, published in 2000, stated that the leading supermarkets do not operate as a cartel to keep food prices unduly high. (Key Note, 2001, Supermarket Services) Although some indeterminate practices were found (selling product at a loss, lower prices in areas of high competition), the Commission did not recommend any corrective actions.EU Competition great power not be as generous as the Competition Commission and therefore might order changes. If the introduction of the congestion charge is successful in London, it is likely that this kind of scheme will be extended to other big cities.EconomicThe takeover of Safeway by Morrison is an indicator that competition is getting more intense with fewer but bigger players.SocialDemand for organic and healthy foods has increased and most retailers have responded to that trend. Today customers are less brisk to pay a premium price for organ ic foods, which is why retail chains have started to offer own brand organic products. Waitrose has long been offering these kinds of products. Busier lifestyles increased the demand for convenient foods/ ready meals. Also notable is an increasing demand for exotic and ethnic foods from consumers.The public has become more environmentally aware and Waitroses strategy fits well into thisAlmost 70% of women are working and working times are longer than in any other European Country. However, women are still doing the majority of the shopping.More than 75% of shopping trips are made by car. Public transport links are even declining as a percentage.TechnologicalOnline shopping is a major new opportunity for retailers and the UK offers a good market for this with the highest percentage of people online across the EU. And already more British food shoppers have converted to online securities industry shopping than in any other country (Keynote, 2001, The Internet Grocery Market) Tesco is now the worlds biggest Internet grocer.Information engine room and Communication has enabled more sophisticated store management, with detailed statistics of products sold being made available, thus facilitating the ordering of new stocks. More attributes of the store can be steered centrally such that costs are reduced, margins increased and sales enhanced.Stakeholders of Waitrose and their influence in marketing.A stakeholder is a person who by-lines a business. The stakeholders in Waitrose areCustomers without customers Waitrose would not survive. Sales provide revenue.Employees Waitrose has many employees in all aspects of their business.Owners and shareholders Waitrose have people that own parts of the company and get a part of profit. If they invested money success richly then they will make money for Waitrose. But if it is not, they will lose money.The local community their spare-time activity in business activities and operations that could result in damage to the local environment such as the building of lodgment on green-field sites.Pressure groups their main concern is the products that Waitrose are selling.Suppliers Suppliers selling their goods to Waitrose.Financial Waitrose would not survive without money. Waitrose loan money from e.g. bank.Stakeholders within Waitrose have different interests in the business like,Customers have an interest in the production and services that Waitrose provide. The range of goods or services offered in the Waitrose. Also the price of these and the quality, and the range of additional facilities and services such as free home delivery. The customers also have interest on the attitude of staff and the overall performance of the organisation in this case Waitrose.The Employees have an interest in success of Waitrose as this can affect their take and long-term employees with the company. Also employees have an interest on the way which they are treated e.g. they want be treated fairly and to do interesting work. They want to be paid a fair rate in relation to other people worked in Waitrose with the same qualifications and experience. They have interest in receiving be sick pay and holiday pay.Owners and shareholders have interest in the amount of profit that is made. How much money Waitrose has invested? All shareholders have one vote for each share. openhanded institutional shareholders like Waitrose may hold several hundred thousand shares and they can use their votes to influence the way company is run. Also they have interest on the health and safety of customers and employees.The local community has an interest in many of the business activities taking place in an area. E.g. residents of a large housing state might welcome a supermarket opening the edge of their estate but be concentrated but the number of Lorries making late deliveries to the store. Also local community may be concentrated about business activities and operations that could result in damage to the local environmen t.The government have interest on employment of people, more taxes off Waitrose. They want employ the people that could be the best for customers. Government is also interested in business for semipolitical reasons. The government want to retain power aim to be re-elected. If the economy is healthy, then the government receives more money.Pressure groups have interest in what kind of products Waitrose are selling and if they harm the environment or have been animal tested. There are thousands of pressure groups in Britain including trade unions and the TUC, most charities e.g. Amnesty International, many famous environmental groups such as Greenpeace. The interests of a specific pressure group will depend upon who it represents. For example The TUC and trade unions represent the views of employees and campaign on issues such as health and safety.Suppliers have interest on in selling their goods to Waitrose for a fair price. To be successful themselves, they need to keep receiving o rders from buyers. few suppliers dislike being dependent on business buyers so they extend their operations to sell direct to the final consumer for example, many breweries own their own pubs and restaurants and accelerator companies have their own petrol stations. Equally some business do not like being dependent on suppliers.Financiers have interest in putting money into a business like Waitrose. If a grant has been provided, there will be checks ensure the money is used as agreed. If the financier has provided a loan, the business must honour its repayment commitments.Porters Five Force Analysis for WaitroseThis is a means of identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in the retail industry.Threat of New EntrantsEconomies of scale in terms of square footage of shopping area and breadth of distribution channels are all critical factors in the U.K market. Larger stores can stock and sell many more products faster which is consistent with both their customers and suppliers preferences.Brand loyalty of customers in the sector is relatively high in that existing players have built a certain amount of goodwill with customers through loyalty and own branded credit cards.Scarcity of able real estate for shopping centres consequent to the absorption by the existing players as well as government legislation placing strictures on further out of town development.New entrants have limited access to U.K distribution channels as these channels are controlled by existing players. Access is typically being gained through mergers and acquisitions.There are very low switching costs to customers in the market and so market share can typically be gained by leveraging price and product range variables.Existing players have accrued cost advantages due to experience curve effects of operation withfully depreciated assets.Power of the SupplierSupplier power tends to be relatively low for the most part in the U.K market as there are a small number of significant operators in the market. However in certain segments of the market for example washing powder where Procter and Gamble and Unilever enjoy a realistic duopoly.As own brands are emerging as a growing segment of the goods portfolio of large grocery multiples due to the higher margins available, even large suppliers manufacturers such as Unilever, Nestle, PepsiCo have been increasingly producing for own labels despite potential competition to their own brands. Some however such as Kelloggs, Coca Cola and Gillette do not agree to such arrangements as they consider it prejudicial to their quality reputation.Power of the BuyerBuyer power is particularly strong in the U.K grocery retailing industry where there is an extremely high concentration of buyers. Tesco, Sainsbury and Asda dominate the market.For smaller retailers joining a buying group is an important element of extract and give members enhanced economies of scale in purchasing. These groups however play only a small and declini ng role in the market since they do not buy on the scale of the large supermarkets and also cannot guarantee sizeable shelf space to major suppliers. Consequently they obtain lower discounts than the major chains.Wholesaling and distribution have been internalised and the retailer controls them directly.The cost of switching suppliers in the U.K market is very low and involves negligible risk.Threat of substitutesThough Tesco has successfully improved its margins by increasing the ratio of non-food to food in its superstores it has moved into other competitive arenas e.g. its foray into furniture and household machines has put it on a collision course with household appliance retailers like Currys and Argos.Changes in public consumption e.g. the loss of confidence in British beef during the B.S.E beef crises of 2001 or fear of the long term implications of go through genetically modified foods.Competitive rivalryFour major firms dominate the U.K market at present but concentration has increased markedly in the 1993-1996 period with major multiples pursuing active policies of new store development. Over this period Tesco has overtaken Sainsbury to become the market leader while Asda has since being newly acquired by Wal-Mart been threatening to take Sainsburys slot.There is no genuine differentiation between products therefore the principal rivalry tends to revolve around pricing and perceived value for money. Own-Label is increasingly becoming an important differentiator.Information Technology offers modern retailers the potential to speed up stock replenishment while reducing the cost of distributing products as well as strengthening links between the retail chains and their customers. Players which are most innovative in adapting technologies for these purposes tend to have a decisive advantage in the market.Strategies of the larger players are fairly similar in that larger players typically employ growth by international acquisition in emerging markets an d by increasing their exposure to the non food segment of the market. Players in the lower echelon such as Sainsburys have since embarked upon a strategy of consolidation around a core business of food while maintaining a presence in the international arena.Other Global competitors such as Carrefour/Promodes just across the channel may gain entry positions to the U.K market by way of acquisition of weaker companies.SegmentationUndifferentiated marketing assumes everyone is the same and aims a particular product at everyone.Advantages easy to plan, doesnt miss anyone.Disadvantages can be wasteful, ignores segmentation, can lead to disappointing sales.This applies to market coverage strategy whereby a company ignores differences within a market and attempts to appeal to the whole market with a single basic product line and marketing strategy. Undifferentiated marketing relies on book distribution and down advertising, aiming to give the product a superior image in the minds of cons umers. It is cost effective because there is only one product line to be produced, inventoried, distributed, and advertised. Also the absence of segmented market research lowers the costs of consumer research and product management.Concentrated Marketing This is where an organisation concentrates its marketing effort on one particular segment. The firm will develop a product that caters for the needs of that particular group. For example Rolls Royce cars aim its vehicles at the premium segment, same as Harrods within the UK. Concentrated marketing is when the message is aimed at just one small market.Advantages Small firms can concentrate their marketing, allows a specific mix to be developed.Disadvantages Ignores other areas of the market, can cause problems in future as may make it more difficult for company to expand.Some companies, particularly smaller companies, identify a comparatively small segment of the market on which to concentrate their marketing effort. By selecting a n iche in the market for themselves, they hope to quash head on competition with larger and more powerful rivals. A buildic example of a successful product in a small market is the hand-made Morgan sports car (UK), the demand for which keeps the companys order books filled. Rolls Royce, though a much larger company, has been equally successful in catering to a small but affluent segment of the international market. Niche marketing, as concentrated segmentation is sometimes called, is currently very popular. It is no guarantee of a safe haven, however, since mass marketers will only ignore niches as long as they see no way to compete in them profitably and as long as they are not threatened by them. Should an opportunity or a threat be detected, however, the market power of the mass marketer would prove very uncomfortable for the richer.Proposed Waitroses segmentationWaitroses differentiation strategy and its competitive industry were analysed. The selection of the location can be id entified as one of the most important decisions in the life of a store. Various methods are described in order to help identify the most suitable location. The merits and problems of online shopping are explained and it is regarded as too early to evaluate Waitroses performance in this segment.Market segmentation allows Waitrose to identify different groups of buyers who share similar definable needs and behaviours. (Debbie Anderson) Whilst Behaviouristic responses are fundamental to segmenting Waitroses market as factors such as usage rates, impulse purchases, loyalty, and sensitivity to marketing mix factors allow for conclusions and positioning within consumer markets.Waitrose seems to segment its market based on simple variables such as incomes and Geographics (geodemographics). This has been identified by associating the number of Waitrose stores in the south of England with the average incomes, showing that Waitrose is aiming at the higher income earners at the upper end of t he market, and segmenting itself toward the social groups of A, B and C1. There are no Waitrose stores in areas such as Newcastle, Middlesbrough, Liverpool and Bradford, Britains poorest regions indicating that Waitrose would not benefit financially from these areas. The use of Geo demographics is a fast and efficient way of identifying trends within certain geographical areas, allowing Waitrose to divide a market into different groups based on social class and lifestyle characteristics.Segmentation helps the marketers to distinguish one customer group from anotherwithin a given market and thereby enables him to decide which segment shouldform his target market.Targeting strategyOnce a firm has successfully identified the segments within a market, the next step is to target these segments with products that closely match the needs of the customers within that segment. There are a number of targeting strategies, includingNiche/concentration marketing this is concerned with targeting one particular, well-defined group of customers (a niche) within the overall market.An example is, Jordans, the cereal company, adopted this approach by targeting groups of customers interested in organic products at a time when this group of consumers represented a relatively small proportion of the overall market.Niche markets can be targeted profitably by small firms who have relatively small overheads and, therefore, do not need to achieve the volume of sales required by larger competitors.The main disadvantages of niche markets are that the potential for sales growth and economies of scale may be limited, and the excerpt of the firm may be seriously affected if sales begin to decline.Mass/undifferentiated marketing this is concerned with selling a single product to the whole market. This strategy is based on the assumption that, in respect to the product in question, customers needs are very similar if not identical.The main benefit for the firm is that it can produce on a l arge scale, benefiting from low unit production costs via economies of scale. These lower costs can be passed on to the consumer in the form of lower prices because, although profit margins on each item sold may be lower, high sales volume should recall large profits over

Globalisation And Its Effect On Sovereignty

Globalisation And Its Effect On S overeigntyIn essence, understanding the consequences that subsequently emerge from world-wideization and reign depends on how we particularise both(prenominal)(prenominal) the globalization and sovereignty. Once defined it is much clearer to draw out the central themes concerning the relationship between globalisation and sovereignty. In this essay, the subject matter I contain chosen to address pays focal attention to the three intimately palpable issues semipolitical, economic and security-related holding. In apiece case, I aim to demonstrate that globalization has both threatened sovereignty and streng and thened it. Ultimately, I intend to show that whilst globalization has transformed our understanding of sovereignty it has progressed in such a way that globalization has, to a large degree, been structured around the Westphalian concept. If we are to understand how the consequences of globalization affect our understanding of sovereignt y, we must first define what we mean when we speak of sovereignty and globalisation. For the sake of simplicity, I go forth offer a definition of both globalisation and sovereignty and proceeding from that basis draw out the consequences such a definition of globalization has on such a definition of sovereignty. Globalization is best defined as a relatively recent process of global integration, cooperation and conscious building whereby an increase in the flows and good deal of estimations, people, goods and services between national state borders is prevalent. Sovereignty is best defined as the recognised favour of nation-states to legitimately hold and exercise complete authority over a territorialized jurisdiction, determine ones own destiny within ones territorialized jurisdiction and the freedom from external check to dictate such domestic governing. Throughout human history, the globe has gone through a serial of material epochs that have also brought with it a series o f epochs concerning human political organization. The two most striking epochs shaping human political organisation in recent eras have been firstly the consequence of the modern state, and secondly the emergence of an era many contemporary political analysts regard as the post-modern epoch. It is these two prominent concepts of human political organisation that have fashioned the debate of globalization and sovereignty. The era in which the modern state emerged can be expectedly traced back to the Westphalian Peace Treaty of 1648 where the imagination of state sovereignty arose and set the bringations to the normative structure for planetary relations in the last several hundred years (McGrew, 2009 23). As the sovereign state arose because of a grumpy conjunction of social and political interests in Europe (Mansbach, 2000 59) so too have interests dictated that sovereign states be drawn into union in the post-modern era. The most defining interests of the post-modern era that have drawn sovereign states into union have centred on political, economic and security-related safekeeping. world(prenominal)istic political relations in the 20th light speed have drastically transformed the way in which nation-states co-operate. Since the 1940s, substantial political integration has become so predominant that some political theorists believe that the idea of Westphalian sovereignty no longer pertains. Political interconnectedness via international and regional organisations such as the United Nations and European coupler has meant that nation-states are increasingly coalescing and and then sacrificing their recognition as sovereign. Advocates of such a view argue that supranational entities such as the European Union demand unified conformity and frankincense gradually erode the individual legal characteristics set by the legitimate authority put in place to govern over a territorialized jurisdiction. As such, they argue member states of the European Union h ave forfeited their freedom to determine their own destiny by willingly granting external entities the privilege to interpose and dictate domestic governing. A classic contemporary example we can take into consideration of where critics argue that the monopoly of domestic-retained governing is undermined and reduced can be found in the European Unions European Court of Justice. Via the European Arrest fightrant, the European Court of Justice issued an extradition order for British citizen and controversial historian Frederick Toben in 2008 for allege denial of the Holocaust. Whilst the German government who had initiated the arrest warrant eventually abandoned the extradition order, critics of globalization would argue that the incident demonstrates that the extent of British integration into the European Union calls into question the definitive distinctions between state sovereignty and supranational interference. Conversely, however, advocates of British membership to the Euro pean Union would argue that the fact that the extradition order was dropped demonstrates that member states clearly still retain the legitimate monopoly to exercise complete enforcement of domestic laws. Nevertheless, whilst critics of globalization may see the consequences of globalization to be eroding the concept of state sovereignty, and political theorists such as Stephen D. Krasner accepts that state interdependence has somewhat reduced the Westphalian concept of state sovereignty when the domestic jurisdiction of sovereignty is taken into account, Krasner also argues that globalization is not necessarily eroding the concept of state sovereignty but evolving, enhancing and expanding the concept (Krasner, 1999). Supporters of this argument would point to international organisations such as the United Nations that stresses each member state recognise and uphold the principle of respect for the territorial and political jurisdiction of fellow states (Mansbach, 2000 71). In this way, whilst some may see international organisations of this nature to have a negative influence on the idea of sovereignty, it is argued that such organisations in fact strengthen the value of sovereignty by including the idea as a central pillar to United Nations structure. Political integration is practically inseparable from economic integration. The latter has also been a historic production of globalization, specifically since the end of the Cold War. The internationalization of commerce, spreading global capitalism into all continents, has become so substantial that the issue of borders has become irrelevant and vanished as an effective control mechanism (Reynolds, 2000 650-656). For national state sovereignty therefore, economic amalgamation has become an inevitable consequence to which many feel has both merits and demerits. International organisations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have played an extensive role in shaping intercontinental trad e and thus created animosity and resentment in specifically non-Western states where it is properly accepted as an extension of Western ideology. In recent years, there has been some song opposition to the International Monetary Funds involvement in South Africa where the post-ap finesseheid state continues to be indebted by International Monetary Fund loans date back to the apartheid era. For many South Africans such colossal debt, they feel, has prevented them from making good their freedom in the post-apartheid era and ultimately restricted their ability to direct bullion toward social programmes such as education, health and even policing within their territorial jurisdiction. In essence, many of those who resent economic integration feel The increasing internationalization of national economies and the increasing transnational character of capital, suggests that policies designed to compete for inward investment favour transnational rather than national interests (Ralph, 200 1 158). However, advocates of global capitalism and the classless peace theory argue that the internationalization of trade has not only created greater wealth (Osterhammel and Petersson, 2005 121) but also lessened the prospect of military contravene among state actors that adopt liberal democratic political values and thus capitalist economics. Therefore, they argue, ensuring state stability on a global basis and hence reinforcing the effectiveness of state sovereignty, internally and externally. This is evident if one takes into account that since the 1940s, countries that have adopted liberal democracy and capitalist economics have not waged war against one another or had a civil war. Interlinked with state stability and sovereignty in a global era is the issue of security-related safekeeping. The issue of security-related safekeeping is also, like political relations, intertwined with the economic aspect. Technological advance in areas such as transport and communications ha s had an impact on sovereignty on a global scale so much so that it has shaped, if not dictated, greater co-operation among state actors in times of peace and in times of conflict. Conflict, specifically, has drastically changed over the last several centuries due to the global integration of both technology and communications. In contemporary international relations, state actors have been effectively forced to work on related national security interests (Mansbach, 2000 80-92). International relations in the 21st century has been commonly referred to an era whereby global cooperation between state actors will be crucial in managing the phenomenon of global terror (Eriksen, 2007 134-138). This phenomenon of global terror has greatly benefited from the technological advance of transport and communications and thus revolutionized contemporary warfare. The War in Afghanistan, for example, was prompted not by any central authority in the nation-state but by non-state actors Al Qaeda. As a result of the September eleventh Attacks the War on Terror has challenged the state sovereignty of numerous nation-states, predominantly Iraq and most recently Iran. Greater emphasis has also been placed on international stability and human rights. Thus, the globalization of terrorism has transformed the way in which we conceptualise the right to the privilege of sovereignty of other nation-state and the way in which we ourselves perceive our own sovereignty in the post-modern age (Arnold, 2008 190-209). However, there are those that whilst recognizing that the art of war has changed over time, of which globalization has had an immeasurable impact upon, who argue that If we think of global politics today as unfolding in an arena without superordinate authority, in which overlapping groups compete with each otherand in which the potential for violence is present, then the politics of medieval Europe may not seem so alien (Mansbach, 2000 43). Some would even go as far to say that the art of war, or rather terrorism, has only superficially changed (Baylis and Rengger, 1992 229-230). In this sense, the Hobbesian view that the period in which the Westphalian concept of state sovereignty arose in Europe was a time where lack of security and the absence of clear centres of authorityerased the distinction between the domestic and foreign realms (Mansbach, 2000 44) can be considered exceptionally relevant to how the Westphalian concept still stay a central pillar to the normative structure of inter-state security relations since its emergence. In conclusion, understanding the consequences that subsequently emerge from globalization and sovereignty depends on how we define both concepts. Proceeding from that basis there are three central issues that are instantly recognizable to such a discussion, namely political, economic and security-related safekeeping. In each case, globalization has both threatened sovereignty and strengthened it. Ultimately, I consider that Since state evolution was gradual, states managed to monopolize the means of coercionToday, some states have surrendered that monopoly. This does not suggest that states will become irrelevant or disappear. Rather they must share pride of place with other actors and must co-operate with one anotherto cope with todays challenges (Mansbach, 2000 59).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay -- Jean Jacques Rousseau Biographies Essay

Jean-Jacques RousseauI was born to a family whose morals distinguished them from the people. (Josephson 9) Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva, Switzerland on June 28, 1712. He became the son of Isaac Rousseau, a plebian class watchmaker, and Suzanne Bernard, the lady friend of a minister who died shortly after giving birth to him. Rousseaus baptism ceremony was a traditional one held at St. Peters cathedral on July 4, 1712 by the r of all timeend senebies. He had an elder brother who had a loose character, but Rousseau loved him anyway. At an early age, Rousseau found a love for reading. His mother had an inheritance of some money and military many romantic books and novels, so those are the first that he read. He and his father would read for so many hours sometimes they would read continuously through the night and on into the next day. His father had a recklessly violent temper, and after a pincer infraction with a police officer, fled from Geneva to Canten Vaud in Myon, which is 12 miles from Geneva, and there he continued his profession. Rousseau was ten years old. He was then sent to recognize with his maternal uncle Bernard, a military engineer in the service of the city-state, and aunt Madame Goncerut, who instilled in him a great passion for music.Deprived of parental love and marrow, Rousseaus childhood was miserable. He was sent, along with his younger cousin, to be tutored by a Protestant preacher at Bossey, about four miles away at the ascendent of Mont Salve. Rousseau loved living in a pleasant land of valleys and hills, and so found the love of nature. It was also at Bossey where Rousseau established a gruesome affection for the pastors daughter, who was thirty years old. Two years passed before uncle Bernard withdrew the two boys because they were wrongly accused and beaten for some petty fact. They were then taken back to his aunt and uncles home at the Grande Rue in Geneva. The boys were not placed back in regular school, but were taught mathematics and selective service by uncle Bernard. They spoke of making him a pastor, but they did not have enough money to send him, so Rousseau was placed as a notary public to his uncle who was a lawyer who thought Rousseau was unqualified and sent him back. He was next placed as an engraver in April 1725. His master was also a violent man like his father who fed Rousseau poorly and often treated him harshly. T... ...Catholic and with 20 francs in hand.Jean Jacques RousseauGeorge R. HavensRousseau had only one brother, on whom the spirit of the father came belt down in ample measure, just as the sensibility of the mother decended upon jean-jacques. He was a rebellious boy and finally ran away to Germany, never to be seen again, so Rousseau was basically an only child.Rousseau..John MorelyThe details of his childhoos are important because they helped him form the educational theories that are still up to date in our modern world, and also because they open up some clu es about why he acted the way he did in his later years.Rousseaus parents were very loyal and devoted to one another ever since the young age of eight. For almost thirteen years, Jean-Jacques father was inconsolable. According to his Confessions, his father said he say his wife in Jean-Jacques. But what Jean-Jacques did not record is why his father did not realize that it was he who took her from him.Jean-Jacques Rousseau.C.H. DobinsonI was born to a family whose morals distinguished them from the people.Parents married on june 2, 1704. First son, Francois born in 1705.Jean-Jacques Rousseau- Josephson

Trascedental Challenge :: Essays Papers

For my transcendental challenge, I chose to spend twenty minutes a solar day outside in a park. I did nothing but observe me surroundings. I observed the children playing, and the pedestrians going about their businesses and the nature. My original thoughts on this challenge were that it was smashing waste of time especially due to the freezing weather. I thought I had much better things to do and greater priorities. I even believed it would be boring so I doubted whether I should have d wholeness it or not. The thought of a great reward in the end or a possible lesson or discovery about life made me choose to start my challenge.I introductory wondered whether walking to the park was part of the challenge. On one tip over the park was about five minutes away and the round trip in itself would cover half the time of my daily challenge. The steers and people I passed could have also been a part of observing nature and I believed I could have made some observations on my walk. On the other hand I was not still in one place because I was moving and the passing cars distracted me so I was not away from technology. I decided that it would not be fair to make a decision, being so biased, and I would decide after the results of my first ten minutes. I arrived at the park on this first day and sat on the first bench available. I sat with a frowned face. My first observation twenty seconds subsequently was how the cold wind blasting on my face reminded me of how much I already hated this challenge yet liked the class responsible for it. My first thought was to count the number of trees. I counted sixteen trees and decided to examine the biggest of them all. I worked my way up from the giant trunk, to the long branches, to the highest leaf. I saw this tree as a home to animals such as squirrels and birds. Although they were not present at the time, I could imagine them climbing and flying in. I went home twenty minutes later smiling with an internal picture of squi rrels and birds living in harmony. So I had decided that the round trip should not have been include in the challenge. On day two, after reviewing my notes, I realized I was imagining animals when I should have been observing them.