Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Modern Labyrinth Essays -- Literacy Analysis

Film is a type of narrating, and all accounts are, basically reused, contemporary movies must modernize an account of the past to make it available to present day crowds. This is the situation with the film, Pan’s Labyrinth. The fantasy of â€Å"Theseus and the Minotaur† has been modified and modernized in the 2006 film, Pan’s Labyrinth. The fantasy â€Å"Theseus and the Minotaur† and the ethics that exist inside it, present a setting in which it will be conceivable to decipher and break down the film Pan’s Labyrinth as a cutting edge revising of the legend. So as to see how Pan’s Labyrinth has been revised, it is imperative to initially comprehend the first fantasy of â€Å"Theseus and the Minotaur†. As indicated by Edith Hamilton’s Mythology, the narrative of Theseus and his mission to kill the Minotaur starts some time before Theseus’s birth. â€Å"Minos, the incredible leader of Crete, had lost his just son†¦while the youngster was visiting the Athenian King† (Hamilton 211). So as to look for retribution, Minos attacked Athens and â€Å"declared that he would level it to the ground except if at regular intervals the individuals sent him a tribute of seven ladies and seven youths† (Hamilton 212). At the point when the casualties arrived at Crete, they would be yielded to a monster that was â€Å"half bull, half human†, known as the Minotaur (Hamilton 212). The Minotaur was housed in a maze where â€Å"escape was impossible† (Hamilton 212). â€Å"To this spot, the youthful A thenians were each time taken and left to the Minotaur† (Hamilton 212). This custom proceeded until one year, Theseus, child of the Athenian ruler and beneficiary to seat, offered to be one of the people in question. Unbeknownst to the individuals, Theseus had each expectation of killing the brute. â€Å"When the youthful casualties showed up in Crete they were strutted before the occupants o... ...ce to courageously and insubordinately act against power as opposed to aimlessly stay devoted. This film shows the intensity of blamelessness over malice and the triumph of creative mind over dull bondage similarly as the first story of Theseus and the Minotaur, however with a darker new understanding. Works Cited Filmtracks Modern Soundtrack Reviews. (2007, January 05). Recovered May 04, 2012, from http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/pans_labyrinth.html Goodykoontz, B., and Jacobs, C. P. (2011). Film: From Watching to Seeing. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https://content.ashford.edu Hamilton, Edith. Folklore. 1942. N.p.: Back Bay Books, 1998. Print VC. (2010, September 23). The Vigilant Citizen. Recovered May 05, 2012, from The Esoteric Interpretation of Pan's Labyrinth: http://vigilantcitizen.com/moviesandtv/the-recondite interprentation-of-container maze/

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Meanings of the Spanish Word Papel

Implications of the Spanish Word Papel The Spanish word papel is a related of the English word paper and regularly has a similar significance. Papel likewise has a significant and often utilized importance not related with the English word, that of a job, for example, in a play or employment. Papel With Meanings Related to Paper When alluding to paper, papel can allude to paper all in all or to a solitary sheet or piece, despite the fact that hoja de papel can likewise allude to a sheet: Una bola de papel puede ser un buen juguete para tu gato. (A wad of paper can be a decent toy for your cat.)Las dimensiones de un papel A4 child 297 mm x 210 mm. (The elements of an A4 piece of paper are 297 millimeters by 210 millimeters.)Aunque de inicio no lo creas, una hoja de papel basic puede soportar un peso significativo. (Despite the fact that from the outset you may not trust it, a solitary piece of paper can bolster a critical weight.)El papel de arroz se usa en la cocina asitica. (Rice paper is utilized in Asian cooking.)El papel se ha convertido en uno de los productos emblemã ©ticos de nuestra cultura. (Paper has gotten one of the items normal for our culture.)Ayer yo necesitaba un papel para anotar algo. (Recently I required a piece of paper so as to record something.) Papel in solitary or plural can allude to records of different sorts: No necesito un papel para confirmar que estamos juntos. (I dont need a record to demonstrate that were together.)Me dijeron que necesito firmar algã ºn papel de prã ©stamo. (They disclosed to me I have to sign some advance document.)Si no tiene papeles de estadã ­a legitimate y es arrestado, tiene derecho a guardar silencio y pedir un abogado. (In the event that you dont have living arrangement records and are captured, you reserve the privilege to stay quiet and request a legal counselor.) Papel Referring to Roles Papel much of the time alludes to an acting job: La modelo venezolana es conocida por su papel de Rosita. (The Venezuelan model is referred to for her job as Rosita.)Hollywood sã ³lo tiene un papel para los actores rabes. (Hollywood has just a single job for Arab actors.)Alejandro tenã ­a un papel pequeã ±o en una escena en la pelã ­cula. (Alejandro had a little job in one scene in the film.) All the more comprehensively, papel can allude to practically any sort of job, for the two individuals and things: La universidad tiene un papel importante porque forma valores. (The college has a significant job since it structures values.)La iglesia tuvo un papel critical en la Europa medieval. The congregation had a vital job in medieval Europe.Los cientã ­ficos desempeã ±arã ­an un papel focal en este proceso de reforma ambiental. Researchers assumed a focal job in this procedure of natural reform.La Cmara siempre entendiã ³ que el presidente tiene un rol importante en estos asuntos. (The House consistently comprehended that the president has a significant job in these issues.) Papel in Phrases Among the expressions and phrases that utilization the word papel are these: asumir el papel - to expect the rolehacer el papel, interpretar el papel - to play the rolepapel blanco, papel en blanco - clear sheet (can be utilized figuratively)papel cuchã © - reflexive paperpapel de aluminio, papel de estaã ±o, papel de plata - aluminum foil (the last two actually allude to tin and silver foil however are by the by in some cases used to allude to aluminum foil)papel de embalar - wrapping paper, (for example, for a gift)papel higiã ©nico - bathroom tissue, shower tissuepapel moneda - paper moneypapel periã ³dico - newsprintpapel picadoâ -a sort of enriching punctured paper famous in Mexico as a decorationpapel pintado - wallpaperperder los papeles - to lose self-controlsobre el papel - in principle, on papertomar un papel - to take a roletrozo de papel - bit of paper Historical underpinnings of Papel Like the English word paper, papel originates from the Latin papyrus, which originated from the Greek papyros, alluding to a plant from which paper was once made. The importance of papel as a job originates from the move of paper that on-screen characters jobs used to be composed on. (Notwithstanding the diverse spelling, the English job additionally originates from that use.) The Spanish rol is regularly utilized equivalently for that importance. Key Takeaways Papel is regularly interchangeable with the English paper and can be utilized for various types of paper and documents.Papel likewise can allude to different sorts jobs played by individuals or articles.

Friday, August 14, 2020

Exploring the Anatomy of a Successful Elevator Pitch

Exploring the Anatomy of a Successful Elevator Pitch © Shutterstock.com | BoBaa22This article should provide every entrepreneur with insights about 1) what is an elevator pitch, 2) 7 major components of a successful elevator pitch, 3) how to create a successful elevator pitch.WHAT IS AN ELEVATOR PITCH?Elevator Pitch: A definitionAn Elevator Pitch (or Elevator statement) is a compelling statement or summary that is used to explain to describe a service, a business, an objective or its value proposition. Such a statement is used in situations where one person is trying to convince or persuade the other about something of importance. It is a statement that is meant to grab interest in a short period of span, mostly within 60 seconds. It can also be understood as a concise and well planned/practiced description which a person gives to a business owner/leader/senior executive either to get a job, get a plan okayed or to make investors or customers get curious.The idea of an ‘elevator pitch’ focuses on a kind of a description or persuas ion tactic that can be delivered within the time span of an elevator ride. The term reflects upon an accidental scenario in which a person could be required to pitch in an idea and get registered in the listener’s mind. It is common for many people like sales persons, policy makers, project managers and evangelists to rehearse and use such statements whenever they can get an opportunity.What an elevator pitch is notA lot of people confuse elevator pitches with sales pitches. An elevator pitch is definitely not a ‘sales pitch’. A sales pitch is a statement through which a sales person or business owner tries to sell a product or win more customers. However, an elevator pitch is a statement that only aims to put forth an idea and hope that the listener would be impressed by it and would want to know further.While using an elevator pitch, one must not get caught up in trying to tell how good a product or service is. The pitch must rather be used to explain how you would do your j ob and run the business.When to use an elevator pitchAn elevator pitch doesn’t necessarily have to be used by salespersons when they are trying to introduce their products or services but can also be used in other situations and cases. It can be used when:One is trying to introduce his/her organization, its goals and how it can help the listener.One is trying to sell new ideas to a business owner/CEO or other high-level executives of the company.One is trying to get a thought across or trying to get a job by explaining how he/she could be an asset to a company.7 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PERFECT ELEVATOR PITCHIn order to come up with the perfect and most intriguing elevator pitch, one has to adhere to certain principles and rules. An elevator pitch must move only higher on altitude and should hit its highest mark right at the end. One just cannot afford to sound desperate; however a decent degree of passion must be present in order to make it sound brilliant. If you are someone look ing to create a perfect elevator pitch, then don’t forget to include the following given 7 components:The Problem The first step is to try to address the problem of the customer or listener in the simplest way. You must be able to distil it to its shortest form and then try to solve it in not more than a sentence or two. This will make the listener feel that you are concerned and connected and have an insight into what is real. It will showcase your intention and will give you an edge.Your solution Now that you have pointed out to the problem, the next step is to come up with a solution, in the briefest way possible. Describe one of the solutions in a very clear and concise way that is easy to understand and gets registered in the mind of the listener. The solution must be practical, unique and should be stated in not more than 1-2 sentences. The solution that you present could be the highlight of the elevator pitch if stated correctly.Target market Another very important compo nent that must form a part of an elevator pitch in order to make it perfect is that information about your target audience or market. You must be able to talk about which segment of the market you are targeting and how many people are there in the target market. Speak a sentence or two about the same and make sure that each word counts. This will help investors to get an idea of your plan.Competition The listener wants to compare and evaluate you with respect to the other players in the same market. Thus, it is better to address this issue on your own. You will need to describe the key differentiators from your competition out there so that the listener can be convinced that you are trying to come up with a solution that is unique to you. If they like your idea better than that presented by others, they will be inclined to choose you.Your team The listener wants to know who you are working with and who your team is. This is why, it is important that you talk about your team. Tell him/them how you and your team are a business partner and how you share the same vision. Give a reason your combination works brilliantly and how it can help his/their cause. No matter how fantastic your idea is and how unique your solution is, if you don’t have the right people working with you, it’s all probably in vain.Financial summary Give a sales forecast right away to let your audience know that you are serious and want to get right down to business. This will help them know that you know your facts and have done your homework. Knowing the expense budget, and profit expectations will incline them towards your idea a little more and will give you a boost. A detailed forecast is not necessary; just give an assumption or a number that you aim to reach and can through your ideas.Milestones The next step is to talk about your goals and how you plan to reach each. By doing so, the audience will begin to understand that you already have everything planned out for you and are a lready on the path of reaching your objectives. If you have already accomplished a few of the milestones, then do make sure that you talk about them in brief. The 7 Key Components of a Perfect Elevator Pitch by @noahparsons from Palo Alto SoftwareHOW TO CREATE A SUCCESSFUL ELEVATOR PITCHAn elevator pitch can surely be spontaneous, but it is always better to have it created and prepared in advance so that you can pitch it to your audience whenever you bump into them or get the opportunity. Creating an elevator pitch is not a matter to be taken lightly. You must pay enough attention to each of its sentence, parts, and details. Besides creating it, you must have it well practiced and rehearsed so that you don’t fumble in that 60 seconds you get to deliver it neatly. So here’s how you can create a compelling elevator pitch considering to include 7 components described above:Define your objective One of the first things that you will need to keep in mind to create a compelling e levator pitch is to identify and know your goals and objectives. Start by thinking about why you are creating the pitch and what do you aim to achieve it. The goal depends upon your position and who your audience is. For example, if you are a business company who wants to communicate with clients, then you must aim to achieve that but if you are an employee who wants to sell a business idea to the CEO, then you must work accordingly and so on.Describe what you do The audience probably doesn’t know you or about you and hence you must always start your pitch by explaining who you are, what organization you work for and what is it that you and your organization do. Lay stress on the problem that you solve and the kind of audience you cater to. Add stats and facts to make your pitch more real and strong. The pitch must be able to excite you because if it doesn’t excite you, how will it excite the audience? The pitch must create a clear image about you and your goals in the minds of the listeners within that one minute.Pitch your USP It is very important for you to state your Unique Selling Point or USP in the elevator pitch. For communicating this very fact, you must first know what your USP is. Sit down and think about how you or your organization is different from the others and why a customer must buy from you and not your competitors. Be honest and try to identify why you are so unique. When you come up with something, add that in the pitch in the most compelling way. Your USP must immediately draw the attention of your audience and make them know more about you.Engage your audience If your pitch is not engaging and interactive, the audience will probably lose interest right through it. The best way to make anything interactive and engaging is to include a question or give something to your audience to think about. Prepare one or a few open-ended questions that can be answered in a simple yes or no. This will involve the customers in a conversation and keep their interest hooked.Summarize Now that you have created a few sections and parts in your pitch, the next step for you is to put it all together and summarize it. Bring each part together and link it all, before you state your final statement. Read it aloud when you are done and try to analyze what is missing and whether it is well connected or not. The entire speech or pitch must not be longer than 60 seconds. If it is too long, then the audience will lose interest and may not even listen till the end of it.Practice In order to deliver the pitch in the finest way and without any errors, it is important to practice it several times before you deliver it. Remember, that practice makes perfect. Practice in front of the mirror many times and say it with confidence. Mean every word you say and pay attention that you are neither too fast nor too slow. Bring in passion and make it compelling and convincing. If you aren’t able to practice on your own, take help of a friend and as k him to point out the weaknesses so that you can perfect it before delivering it.Some Effective Tips and SuggestionsWhile you prepare and train your elevator pitch consider some tips to make it perfect:Be natural One of the most effective tips you can follow in order to create that perfect pitch is to remain natural and real. You don’t want to sound like a pre-recorded machine or program. You must show passion however also show restraint to not sound desperate. Relax as by getting nervous, you will fumble and stumble.Be honest One of the most important tips that can help you make a good elevator pitch is to remain as honest as possible. Never communicate any detail that is not true. Sometimes, in order to make the pitch more compelling, people tend to cheat and be dishonest but you must always avoid that.Have a call to action Every elevator pitch is stated for a reason and to make your objective successful, you must have some call to action. Give the audience information about how they can contact you, buy the product, invest in your idea or become a part of what you are offering.Leave them wanting more Elevator pitches are not meant to be over detailed. You must frame yours in such a way that there is still scope left for your audience to know more. In the end, they must be left intrigued and wanting more. Keep some and hold some.Six questions an elevator pitch must answer1.     What is your product or service?The first question that your elevator pitch must definitely answer is what exactly your product or service is and how can it serve the audience. You must briefly explain about the product or services offered along with their uses and USP.2.     Who is your market?The elevator pitch must also focus on what the market or target audience of your business is. For example, if you cater to young people, then you must briefly mention that in your pitch to make it clearer.3.     Who is your competition?Another question that an elevator pitch must answer is who your competition is. If you think that you don’t have any competition, then think again and be honest. The audience will appreciate if you are willing to name your competitors.4.     What is the competitive advantage of your company?By giving what your specialty / competitive advantage is and how this specialty is unique and better than that offered by others, you will be able to establish a better elevator pitch. This will help your audience know why they must opt for you rather than the others.5.     Who is behind the company?You have to present a background for the audiences so that they are better able to relate to you. Name your organization or your business partner and list a few of your achieved milestones or accomplishments.6.     What is your revenue model?Tell your audiences how you plan to make money and achieve your desired profit goals or sales figures.Four laws of an excellent elevator pitchLaw 1 Short: In order to create an excellent elevator pitch, you must make sure that it does not go on and on until the audience totally loses interest and dismisses you in their minds. The elevator pitch must be strong, short and concise. You must be able to say a lot in just a few words. Of course, being able to achieve this takes time, practice and sometimes even a few rejections. You must be able to communicate whatever you have in mind for not more than 1 minute.Law 2 Easy To Understand: Another thing that you want to do while delivering the pitch is to confuse the audience. The second they get confused, they won’t be able to understand whatever follows. So make your pitch as easy to understand as possible and go from one point to another by breaking down ideas and statements.Law 3 Greed Inducing: Your investors want to make money, and if you give them a way to make a lot of it, they will definitely be attracted to your idea. So make your pitch as greed inducing as possible.Law 4 Irrefutable: At the end of your elevator pitch or that one mi nute, the audience must just not be able to say no to you. Your elevator pitch must be irrefutable for anyone who listens to it.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Role Of The Medical Insurance Specialist - 1322 Words

The role of the Medical Insurance Specialist is very important to the financial operation of a doctor practice, hospital or other medical facility. A Medical Insurance Specialist collects all the information necessary to prepare insurance claims, enter patient demographics and insurance information, enter ICD codes and CPT billing codes, research, correct and resubmit rejected and denied claims, bill patients and answer patient questions regarding charges. The billing process is actually the process of communication between the insurance specialist, medical provider, patient and the insurance company. This is considered the billing cycle. The billing cycle could takes days to complete or it could take months. The patient demographic†¦show more content†¦Thompson (2015) also stated that the insurance specialists always call to verify secondary insurance information and rejections. The rejections may be due to incorrect modifiers, codes or an incorrect insurance ID numbe r. The third step in the process is the healthcare provider examining the patient and recording the patient symptoms and treatment. This is recorded and the medical coder or billing MEDICAL INSURANCE SPECIALIST COMMUNICATION 3 specialist determine the ICD, CPT or HPCS coding. The coder or biller may have to communicate with the healthcare provider if there are any questions on any of the diagnoses, treatments or duration of the office visit (Dietsch, 2011). Because insurance companies are very strict on correct medical billing and coding, a small mistake can cause the insurance company to deny the claim and will then require the doctor to fix the error and the claim will need to be resubmitted (Cocchi White, n.d.). The fourth step is the charge entry, this is where the bill is created. An account is set up for every patient with the demographics and the account is assigned a number. While talking to B. Mcleod (personal communication, May 26, 2015) it was also stated that one of the key functions for charge

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

A Permanent Solution Of A Temporary Problem - 1224 Words

â€Å"A Permanent Solution to a Temporary Problem† Hannah Smith was 14 years old when she decided she didn’t want to live anymore. She took her last breath before she hanged herself on August 2, 2013. Hannah was cyber bullied on the website Ask.fm, and her family believes the bullying triggered her suicide. The cruel messages were sent anonymously to Hannah, and some even told her to she should kill herself (Smith-Spark). Her father, David Smith , grievingly asked, â€Å"how many more teengers will kill themselves because of online abuse before something is done?† (â€Å"Hannah Smith†). Unfortunately, Hannah wasn’t the first or the last victim of suicide . Suicide was the tenth leading cause of death out of all ages in the United States of the†¦show more content†¦Learning and understanding more about the infinite causes of suicide in teens and young adults can help people prevent others from committing this dreadful act. Teenagers and young adults who suffer from mental health illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and insomnia, are at a greater risk of suicide and suicidal thoughts (About Suicide). Megan Fickert, a sophomore at Fairmount High school, killed herself after suffering from depression since fifth grade. Her mother, Michelle Fox, reflected, â€Å"Megan has been sick for years, and I’ve been trying to get her help for years.† Her family assured bullying wasn’t a factor. Her brother, Kevin Fickert, pondered â€Å"Nobody really knows why. We’ll never know† (McCarthy). About 95% of people who die by suicide have a psychological disorder -- such as depression -- at the time of death (About Suicide). Depression is a mental disorder that affects more than 20 million people in the United States. The symptoms of depression are: sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities on use to enjoy, change in weight, difficulty in sleepin g or oversleeping, energy, feeling of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide (â€Å"Depression...†). Depression is not just caused by one sole reason, but from several factors which vary from person to person. Major life changes -- such as the death of a loved one, a divorce,

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

MAS 500 operating system Free Essays

MAS 500 operating system can increase efficiency in management. It was built up with Microsoft office and Visual Basic and has been seen as good financial accounting software. (Sage software) MAS 500 can integrate business intelligence; order processing, distribution and manufacture (Sage software) and is designed to help companies manage operations. We will write a custom essay sample on MAS 500 operating system or any similar topic only for you Order Now The software is dependable and reliable and covers all areas of e –business and can support large volumes of data and respond to growth in the business. (Tech target. 2008) MAS 500integrates with other applications and can be customised without programming. (Tech target. 2008) The disadvantage in its implementation is the cost involved to purchase the software and then train staff to use it. However, with the increased efficiency MAS 500 is often seen as a good investment reducing costs in the long run. The time taken to upgrade can be seen as a disadvantage as it cuts into business profits. MAS 500 have been seen that leading companies have taken this new software. Fortune Brands has upgraded and MAS 500 performs general ledger, accounts payable and cash management tasks. (Best software, 2003). MAS 500 can automate areas of business management such as core and advanced financials, customer relationship management, project accounting, time and expense tracking, wholesale distribution, discrete manufacturing, warehouse management, human resources, payroll, e-business and business intelligence. (TechTarget. 2008)MAS 500 is user friendly and allows most companies to run it quickly in less time then previous soft wares. (Best software, 2003) Thus the cost constraint would eventually be outweighed by the many benefits this software has to offer. References Best software (2003) A most admired company selects MAS 500 and ASP. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on the 14Th of November 2008:http://whitepapers. silicon. com/0,39024759,60040974p,00. htm Sage software. Sage MAS 500 retrieved from the World Wide Web on the 14Th of November 2008: http://www. sagemas. com/products/sagemas500/ Tech Target. (2008) Sage Software. Sage MAS500. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on the 14Th of November 2008: http://www. 2020software. com/products/Sage_MAS_500. asp How to cite MAS 500 operating system, Papers

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Health Practitioner Regulation Agency †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. Answer: Introduction Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) and Legislated Registration Standards undertakes the regulation and functioning of nursing practice and midwifery in each state in Australia and identify their key roles in protecting the public. Qualified nurses and midwives who apply for registration in NMBA are assessed against these registration standards for the fulfilment of requirements for practicing nursing and midwifery in Australia. The Legislation Registration Standards are approved by NMBA for seeking of initial registration like English communication skills, recency of practice, Professional Indemnity and criminal history. Therefore, the following report involves the exploration of these registered and regulatory management standards and its application in the future nursing practice as an Enrolled Nurse (Nursingmidwiferyboard, Australia, 2017). NMBA functions as outlined by Health Practitioner Regulation National Law carries out function in each territory and state regulating the nursing practice midwifery In Australia with a major objective of protecting public. The function of NMBA include registration of nursing and midwifery practitioners and nursing students, development of nursing guidelines, standards, codes for the nursing and midwifery practice and profession. They also handle complaints, notifications, disciplinary hearings and investigations in the nursing practice. The assessment of overseas-trained practitioners is also done by NMBA who wish to practice nursing in Australia. The Accreditation standards are approved and accreditation of nursing course of study is also done by NMBA supporting the work of the National Board in national scheme in Australia (Nursingmidwiferyboard, Australia, 2017). In Australia, ANMF is the largest union having around 249,000 members. It is run by nurses, assistants and midwives in the profession of nursing for the advancement of political, industrial and professional status. It has active and strong branches in each territory and state throughout Australia. The role of this federation is to provide high quality, accessible and affordable healthcare services to every Australian in every healthcare setting whether remote or rural, big or small hospitals. Protection of public and patient safety and care are the priorities of ANMF. The body stands for high quality care and universal healthcare to patients and make the nurses, assistants and midwives understand their roles in nursing practice. ANMF is fighting for the rights of Australians ensuring that Medicare remains free and health bureaucrats and politicians understand the funding for healthcare as a priority. ANMF prioritize to provide highest level of healthcare services and mainly focus on preventative care to reduce the burden of disease in Australia. ANMF fights for the rights of nurses in Aged Care shifts and make improvements for graduate nurses ensuring that they gain employment after their completion of qualifications and degree (Lee Thomas Annie Butler, 2017). Registration standard: Continuous Professional Development (CPD) This registration standard in NMBA sets out minimum requirements for nurses for continuing their professional development for registered nurses, enrolled nurses and midwives. To meet this registration standard, one must complete minimum 20 hours in CPD per registration period. The registered or enrolled nurse needs to complete the minimum CPD requirements for nursing and midwifery practice in Australia. This standard looks into the maintenance, improvement and broadening of nursing profession in their knowledge, competence and expertise. It also helps nurses and midwives in the development of qualities required for the nursing profession at personal and professional level. This registration standard evaluates the completion of CPD requirements of registered nurses or nurse practitioners who is holding an endorsement ("Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Continuing professional development", 2017). This regulation standard evaluates the criminal history of any nurse or midwife who is applying for registration in NMBA in all countries including Australia. On the behalf of NMBA, the main role of this standard is to check the criminal history management of an applicant during the registration process ensuring that only those applicants (nurses and midwives) are selected who are safe and suitable for registration and nursing practice in Australia. This standard checks that all nurses and midwives who are registering for nursing practice must be free from any offence punishable by 12 months of imprisonment. In addition, criminal history standard also checks that whether convict or found guilty of an offence is punished by imprisonment in Australia or overseas ("Optometry Board of Australia - Criminal history", 2017). NMBA has set out this standard to evaluate that all the applicants who are applying for initial registration are capable of demonstrating English language skills and thus, are suitable for registration. The role of this standard is to set out how the applicant has the capability to demonstrate English in their communication and competency to the Board that is sufficient for practicing nursing or midwifery. Two English language skills are registered in the standard that comprises of common English language applicable during initial registration and NM English language skills applicable for all nurses and midwives ("Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - English language skills", 2017). Registration standard: Professional Indemnity Australian Health Workforce Ministerial Council approves this registration standard stating that no nurses and midwives who have not covered appropriate professional indemnity insurance (PII) arrangements are allowed to practice in their respective profession. The board has approved appropriate PII guidelines in conjunction with NMBA standards. The standard checks that whether registered health practitioners hold PII arrangements that is important part of National Scheme in protecting public and addressing of risk posed by practitioners who are uninsured. PII covers civil liability, unlimited retroactive and runoff in different types of nursing practice. Nurses and midwives who are holding insurance coverage in their own name are required to retain and show documentary evidence of PII or any insurance arrangements to the Board ("Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - English language skills", 2017). This standard means that a nurse or midwife should maintain adequate connection with the recent practice in their profession for which they are obtaining registration. The standard evaluates that the applicant is carrying valid and current nursing or midwifery registration either in Australia or overseas. It also sets out the role of nurses or midwives applying for registration whether they possess appropriate skills and qualifications relevant in their area of practice in nursing ("Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Recency of practice", 2017). This standard includes core practice guidelines providing a framework for the nurses for the assessment of enrolled nurse (EN) practice. NMBA sets out three domains under this standard that demonstrates that EN should work in collaboration with registered nurses, work towards provision of care and reflect analytical practice. This standard assesses the knowledge, capabilities, attitudes and skills of enrolled nurses within the clinically focused domains ("Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Recency of practice", 2017). Safe and competency are two core pillars of Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. As a part of the decision-making framework if a nurse is not aware of the technique of certain procedure, she is free to take help from other experienced nurses in order practice in accordance with the nursing standards. I was not aware of the insertion of nasogastric tube so I preferred taking help and guidance from the experienced nurses in that ward (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Identified Learning Needs Observation of the patients condition both before and after is the principal observational approach that must be undertaken while inserting a nasogastric tube. Here the observation of the condition encompass, proper tabulation of the body temperature, blood pressure level, respiratory rate, pulse rate, heart beat and the level of oxygen saturation. After the successful insertion of the nasogastric tube, the actual position of the tube inside the body must be radiologically confirmed and with the pH balance (less than or equal to 5). If the patient has a previour reported cases of oesophageal varices or other chronic coagulopathy then, I learned that the insertion of the nasogastric (NG) tube must be undertaken under the supervision of a professional radiologist. Patients with dry mouth syndrome, moistening of the buccal cavity with a moisten cotton bud is must. In spite of taking several preventive measures, the insertion of nasograstric tube might feel uncomfortable for certain patients. During the course of my learning process, I came to know that in order to increase the comfprt quotient, Lidnocaine gel can be use either in from of gel (inside the nostrils) or in form of spray at the back side of the throat. However, Lindocaine gel is associated with certain degree of allergic symptoms to smaller group of patients, so allergic test is must before the use of the gel. The standard process of NG tube insertion is based on the guidelines NSW, Ministry of Health, Australia. In order to assist insertion, the patient must be postured in an upright position with optimal neck/head alignment. The nostrils needs to checked in order to detect the presence of any deformity as this ill guide the best possible way of insertion. Not only this accurate measurement from the tip of the nose up to the earlobe and xiphisternum needs to be taken in centimetre calculations and then simultaneously marked over the NG tube. After the measurements are done, the tube must be lubricated adequately and then only it should to inserted within the nostrils. After insertion, the positioning must be reconfirmed via the use of radiography. If in any case, a patient is found coughing profusely or experiencing sound breathing problem then the entire insertion needs to redone on an immediate basis. However, it must also be noted that absence of coughing syndromes, do not necessarily means that tube placement has been done successfully (Fine Bore Nasogastric Feeding Tubes for Adult Policy, 2017). During the course of my training, I also learnt that the faulty insertion of the NG tube can generate trauma in the adjoining areas along with pneumothorax. Other threats of incorrect insertion of NG tube include aspiration along with tube dislodgement, occurrence of pneumonitis. Pneumonitis occurs when the nasogastric feed get deposited inside the pulmonary cavities. In rare cases, due to error in insertion, the tube can get misplaced inside the lungs. This kind of fatal occurrence is common among the patients with cribriform plate disruption intracranial insertion ((Fine Bore Nasogastric Feeding Tubes for Adult Policy, 2017). As a trainee nurse, I have gained huge knowledge regarding NG tube insertion as a part of the continuous professional development (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Continuing professional development, 2017). When I will start my career as an registered nurse via gathering experience from my training session, I will always keep in mind that the patients who are critically ill or at a palliative care unit are more susceptible of getting affect with the NG tube complications. Moreover, I will also remain alert that when I am inserting a NG, I must do that in zero reflexes. Any negligence in this level can cast fatal harm to the patients. For the patients with impaired blood clotting syndrome and tracheostomy, I will observe extra caution. Lastly, fine bore NG tube may cause leakage of the gastric content causing fatal oesophageal erosions, the conditions are more severe with patients who are suffering from gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). I will never forget to refrig erate the NG tube prior insertion (Fine Bore Nasogastric Feeding Tubes for Adult Policy, 2017). Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it can be stated that a nurse must practice according to the norms of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) in order deliver quality care to the patients. Nurses must also abide by the registration standards of the NMBA in order to successfully qualify as a registered nurse. References Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Continuing professional development. (2017).Ahpra.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://www.ahpra.gov.au/Registration/Registration-Standards/CPD.aspx Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Recency of practice. (2017).Ahpra.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://www.ahpra.gov.au/Registration/Registration-Standards/Recency-of-practice.aspx Fine Bore Nasogastric Feeding Tubes for Adult Policy. (2017) (pp. 1 to 8). Australia. Retrieved from https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ActivePDSDocuments Lee Thomas, A., Annie Butler, A. (2017).Australian Nursing Midwifery Federation.Anmf.org.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://anmf.org.au/ Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Continuing professional development. (2017).Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Registration-Standards/Continuing-professional-development.aspx Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - English language skills. (2017).Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Registration-Standards/English-language-skills.aspx Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Home. (2017). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/ Nursingmidwiferyboard, Australia. (2017).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Home.Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/ Optometry Board of Australia - Criminal history. (2017).Optometryboard.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://www.optometryboard.gov.au/Registration-Standards/Criminal-history.aspx

Friday, March 27, 2020

Music and Adolescence free essay sample

Music is an abstract form of human expression, and can mean deferent things to different people, but It has been a part of every culture on this planet, now or anytime In recorded history (Check Berger, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Adolescence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether It is individual listening, a concert, party, a dance, or a rite of passage, music contributes to a big part of many adolescents lives across the globe. It has been estimated that from seventh to 12 the grade, the average adolescent spends over two hours per day listening to music.By looking at the extent of the music consumption in the lives of adolescents, it is readily apparent that music plays an important part in their lives (North, Harvested ONeill, 2000). Music holds the power to influence many aspects of adolescents lives, both positively and negatively. It can relax or energize the body, influence cognitive development, enhance self-healing, and foster both comfort and discomfort (Essence Berger, 2006). In this paper, we will look at the effects that music can have on developing adolescent lives, socially, emotionally, and cognitively.There are many ways in which music plays an important role in the social development of adolescents. According touchstone and Katz (Bibb music has important outcomes for the their colonization, because music and peer affiliations provide adolescents with escalating social opportunities and relationships. This preferred music of peers who are admired at this time, whether for sound or travel reason, is likely to become the affiliating party choice (as cited in Miranda Class, 2009). Simon Firth (1987) acknowledges teenage identify formation as one of the main social functions of their music (as cited in Campbell et al, 2007).Teens fill their lives with music, gather around it, talk about it, all in a spirit of sociability. High schools bear witness to many cliques who mark themselves by their music and provide a way for adolescents to identify with oth ers, in their process of solidification (Despond, 1987). Many books and articles have been written suggesting that sub-cultures form around different genres of pop-music. One factor that motivates adolescents to listen to music, are the benefits It brings with a sense of belonging with peers (North Harvested, 1999).Music can help dollish boundaries between those of different ethnic, or social backgrounds. (Campbell et al, 2007) One 13 year old said hat music gave her a sense of a having a place to belong, both inside and outside the walls of school. Once a group focuses on a particular style of music, its members benefit, as they have defined themselves as part of a cultural elite, and attain the emotional gratifications of belonging. (Zillion Gang) page 60 of Social Physiology of Music Edited by Harvested North.. One possible reason that adolescents might gravitate to particular styles of music, is as a means of helping them to define their own identities. A preference for a certain style of music can carry a message to other adolescents, in regards to where they think they belong with their personal attitudes, characteristics and values. Studies show that adolescents use their music preferences as a way of telling others about themselves (North Harvested, 1999). Rock music Is often a natural target of Interest for adolescents, and one reason may be that it can open the exploration of emerging sexual thoughts and feelings.The create state of mind in which fantasy and ones own body Join together (Terror, 2001). Teens listen to music that their friends listen to, form bonds or social groups with people they want to belong with, so musical preferences become a sense of belonging for both personal and group identity (Levities, 2006). Brown Klutz (2003) found that in adolescence, social identity and relationships undergo tremendous changes, as the teen shifts their relationship from parents to peers (as cited in Miranda Grandeur, 2011). There is a link between this transitional time an adolescent is going through of parental protection to independence, and their desire for seeking and Joining a preference culture that serves as a connection to their maturity (Zillion Gang). According to Larson Ekberg (1995), music can form an Important part of the adolescent emerging from the cocoon of familial identity (as cited in Campbell et al 2007). This function of breaking away from parents, is found in some genres of music that include lyrics that express defiance of those who are perceived to control the lives of adolescents. Zillion Gang). According to Bleach, Zillion Weaver (1991), some studies indicate that teens who listen to certain rebellious forms of music such as heavy metal or rap, may also be more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors (as cited in North Harvested, 1999). In other instances, music has also been shown to promote family bonding and communication between adolescents and parents (Miranda Gaudi er, 2010). Music can also play an important role in the emotional development of adolescents. Ere power of music to evoke emotions is evident in advertisements, movies, and mothers.Music can affect adolescents emotionally at a level deeper than is possible Ninth words alone (Terror, 2001). It is used to manipulate our emotions to deeper levels because the emotions we experience in response to music take part in the cortex; the heart of emotional processing (Levities, 2006). Music can evoke both relaxation or stimulation and can also open up channels of self-expression. For the teenager this can provide a means of coping with powerful emotions and fantasies during this critical period of development.For some adolescents it can create a feeling of safety, Inhere they feel free to express feelings. It enables them to connect with, and share feelings of love, longing, anger, sadness, rage, grief, longing, as well as to experience both closeness and isolation. It can give shelter to the distressed and confused adolescent. This process of expressing emotions with music, can help the adolescent o transition from childhood gratification to work on changes and dreams connected Ninth adolescence (Terror, 2001).Self-esteem is an important part of an adolescents development and the emotional support and social approval from others can influence a childs self esteem (Contracts, MacKenzie-Rivers, Malison, Lung, (2011). Studies show that adolescents preferences of music reflected an attempt to match their own self concept, with perceptions of the people who typically listen to that style. Higher levels of self esteem were also noted to be associated with adolescents identifying themselves ore strongly with a particular musical sub culture (North Harvested, 1999).Studies have shown that music can be associated with mental health issues in suicide, self harm, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and recklessness (Eking, rapacious, Topology, Subconsc ious, Barker, 2012). However, there is a bidirectional relationship between music preferences and mental health issues. While preference for certain types of music may be red flags for mental health problems, it may also be true that preferring these music types reflects the real cause of the problems (Eking et al). For instance, there has been much controversy over the influence of heavy metal music and teenage suicide.A couple decades ago, two famous heavy metal bands were unsuccessfully sued by the parents of suicide dictum adolescents, because their music was being played while the adolescents died. Seeking et al) Studies indicate that preference for heavy metal music among adolescents may be a red flag for increased suicidal vulnerability, but the results also confirm that the characteristics of adolescents play a more important role as risk factors to suicidal behaviors, than their musical preference (Shell Westfield, 999).In one study, heavy metal music listeners were found to have a significant increase in positive attitude after listening to the music they prefer (Eking et al, 2012). Other studies confirmed that, for the majority of teenagers, listening to all genres of music has a positive effect on mood (Shell Westfield,1999). Music techniques have also been shown to be an effective method of treating adolescent mental health issues, because an adolescents life is in many ways, centered around and heavily influenced by music (Davis, Hendricks, Robinson Bradley 1999). There re also many ways in which music plays an important role in the cognitive development of adolescents. According to Arent Larson (1995), music has been found to provide adolescents with a medium which to construct, negotiate and modify aspects of their personal identity, offering them a range of strategies for knowing themselves and connecting with others (as cited in Campbell et al, 2007). It is in the adolescent years, that one begins to discover that there exists a world of different ideas, different cultures and different ideas (Levities, 2006).Students claimed hat they were not only intrigued by, but also thought it was important to know music as a means of understanding other civilizations, musics role in history, or stories of composers and performers. Music was described as an asset to shaping the broader sense of themselves, and how they might use what they know to be successful in the Nor (Campbell et al, 2007). It has been shown that musical activity involves nearly every region of the brain that En know about.Therefore, it should be no surprise that music might enhance reasoning, motor functions, computation, auditory discernment, and coordination in adolescents lives (Hellenic, 2010). Studies have shown that the brain that is engaged in music undergoes neurological changes, and the findings suggest that music stimulates complex cognitive processes (That, 2008). The adolescence brain is forming new connections at an explosive rate, and this applies to the music heard and performed; new music connects other parts of the brain to what we were listening to during this critical period (Levities, 2006).It is interesting to note that deteriorates, many of these elderly people can still remember the songs they heard En they were fourteen! It has been observed that the reason the brain remembers this, is that our teenage years were filled with many new emotional components and our magical and neurotransmitters acted to tag these memories (Levities, 2006). According to Gigged et al (as cited in Hellenic, 2010), adolescence is a period of synaptic pruning that strengthens the connections that are used more frequently and eliminates the ones that are not; this is influenced by things in which the adolescent participates.Chemistry Holland claim that both musical and mathematical processing access those synapses. So, the individual who is practicing USIA is also strengthening the neural connections that control mathematical reasoning (as cited in Hellenic, 2010). Formal music instruction during ones middle school years, indicates additional educational benefits for achievement in other academic areas, particularly in mathematics. Adolescence psychogenesis might present a window of opportunity during middle school for music to create and strengthen enduring neural connections in those regions (Hellenic, 2010).Barr and Christensen have noted that learning to read music involves manipulating patterns and symbols, which are fundamental concepts in algebra. If music and mathematics utilize the same general cortical areas, then the practice of one should influence the other (as cited in Hellenic, 2010). That could explain why the music instruction seems to enhance achievement in other areas such as math. According to Moran 2004), music teachers also assert that studying music fosters creativity, diverse thinking, and problem-solving skills (as cited in Hellenic, 2010).Based on the above studies and contemplations, I conclude that music can have a significant impact on social, cognitive and emotion development of an adolescents fife. So, how can this information be applied to the paraprofessional position of a teac hers assistant in the school system? A teachers assistant can be aware of the role and the effects that music can play in a students life and use it in several ways. Ay showing an interest in what kind of music a teenage student likes, it can communicate to the student an interest in their lives and help build a rapport with them.

Friday, March 6, 2020

Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon in the Civil War

Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon in the Civil War Nathaniel Lyon - Early Life Career: The son of Amasa and Kezia Lyon, Nathaniel Lyon was born at Ashford, CT on July 14, 1818.   Though his parents were farmers, Lyon had little interest in pursuing a similar path.   Inspired by relatives who had served in the American Revolution, he instead sought a military career.   Gaining entry to West Point in 1837, Lyons classmates included John F. Reynolds, Don Carlos Buell, and Horatio G. Wright.   While at the academy, he proved an above average student and graduated in 1841 ranked 11th in a class of 52.   Commissioned as a second lieutenant, Lyon received orders to join the Company I, 2nd US Infantry and served with the unit during the Second Seminole War.   Nathaniel Lyon - Mexican-American War: Returning north, Lyon commenced garrison duty at Madison Barracks at Sacketts Harbor, NY.   Known as a tough disciplinarian with a fiery temper, he was court-martialed following an incident in which he beat a drunken private with the flat of his sword before hog-tying him and throwing him in jail.   Suspended from duty for five months, Lyons behavior led him to be arrested twice more prior to the beginning of the Mexican-American War in 1846.   Though he had concerns regarding the countrys motivation for war, he traveled south in 1847 as part of Major General Winfield Scotts army. Commanding a company in the 2nd Infantry, Lyon earned praise for his performance in the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco in August as well as received a brevet promotion to captain.   The following month, he sustained a minor leg wound in the final battle for Mexico City.   In recognition of his service, Lyon earned a promotion to first lieutenant.   With the end of the conflict, Lyon was sent to northern California to aid in maintaining order during the Gold Rush.   In 1850, he commanded an expedition sent to locate and punish members of the Pomo tribe for the deaths of two settlers.   During the mission, his men killed a large number of innocent Pomo in what became known as the Bloody Island Massacre. Nathaniel Lyon - Kansas: Ordered to Fort Riley, KS in 1854, Lyon, now a captain, was angered by the terms of the Kansas-Nebraska Act which permitted the settlers in each territory to vote to determine whether slavery would be permitted.   This resulted in a flood of pro- and anti-slavery elements into Kansas which in turn led to wide-ranging guerrilla warfare known as Bleeding Kansas.   Moving through the US Armys outposts in the territory, Lyon attempted to help keep the peace but steadily began supporting the Free State cause and the new Republican Party.   In 1860, he published a series of political essays in the Western Kansas Express which made his views clear.   As the secession crisis began following the election of Abraham Lincoln, Lyon received orders to take command of the St. Louis Arsenal on January 31, 1861. Nathaniel Lyon - Missouri: Arriving in St. Louis on February 7, Lyon entered a tense situation which saw the largely Republican city isolated in a mostly Democratic state.   Concerned about the actions of pro-secession Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, Lyon became allies with Republican Congressmen Francis P. Blair.   Assessing the political landscape, he advocated for decisive action against Jackson and enhanced the arsenals defenses.   Lyons options were hampered somewhat by Department of the West commander Brigadier General William Harney who favored a wait and see approach to dealing with the secessionists.   To combat the situation, Blair, through St. Louis Committee of Safety, commenced raising volunteer units comprised of German immigrants while also lobbying Washington for Harneys removal.         Though a tense neutrality existed through March, events accelerated in April following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter.   When Jackson refused to raise the volunteer regiments requested by President Lincoln, Lyon and Blair, with permission from Secretary of War Simon Cameron, took it upon themselves to enlist the called for troops.   These volunteer regiments quickly filled and Lyon was elected their brigadier general.   In response, Jackson raised the state militia, part of which gathered outside the city at what became known as Camp Jackson.   Concerned about this action and alerted to a plan to smuggle Confederate weapons into the camp, Lyon scouted the area, and with the aid of Blair and Major John Schofield, devised a plan to surround the militia. Moving on May 10, Lyons forces succeeded in capturing the militia at Camp Jackson and began marching these prisoners to the St. Louis Arsenal.   En route, the Union troops were pelted with insults and debris.   At one point, a shot rang out which mortally wounded Captain Constantine Blandowski.   Following additional shots, part of Lyons command fired into the crowd killing 28 civilians.   Reaching the arsenal, the Union commander paroled the prisoners and ordered them to disperse.   Though his actions were applauded by those with Union sympathies, they led to Jackson passing a military bill which created the Missouri State Guard under the leadership of former governor Sterling Price.   Nathaniel Lyon - Battle of Wilson Creek: Promoted to brigadier general in the Union Army on May 17, Lyon assumed command of the Department of the West later that month.   A short time later, he and Blair met with Jackson and Price in an attempt to negotiate peace.   These efforts failed and Jackson and Price moved towards Jefferson City with the Missouri State Guard.   Unwilling to lose the state capital, Lyon moved up the Missouri River and occupied the city on June 13.   Moving against Prices troops, he won a victory at Booneville four days later and compelled the Confederates to retreat to the southwest.   After installing a pro-Union state government, Lyon added reinforcements to his command which he dubbed the Army of the West on July 2.   While Lyon encamped at Springfield on July 13, Prices command united with Confederate troops led by Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch.   Moving north, this combined force intended to attack Springfield.   This plan soon came apart as Lyon departed the town on August 1. Advancing, he took the offensive with the goal of surprising the enemy.   An initial skirmish at Dug Springs the next day saw Union forces victorious, but Lyon learned that he was badly outnumbered.   Assessing the situation, Lyon made plans to retreat to Rolla, but first decided to mount a spoiling attack on McCulloch, who was encamped at Wilsons Creek, to delay the Confederate pursuit.   Attacking on August 10, the Battle of Wilson Creek initially saw Lyons command have success until its efforts were halted by the enemy.   As the fighting raged, the Union commander sustained two wounds but remained on the field.   Around 9:30 AM, Lyon was hit in the chest and killed while leading a charge forward.   Nearly overwhelmed, Union troops withdrew from the field later that morning.   Though a defeat, Lyons rapid actions in the preceding weeks helped keep Missouri in Union hands.   Left on the field in the confusion of the retreat, Lyons body was recovered by the Confederates and buried at a local farm.   Later recovered, his body was re-interred in his family plot in Eastford, CT where around 15,000 attended his funeral.   Ã‚   Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Nathaniel LyonState Historical Society of Missouri: Nathaniel LyonFirebrand in a Powder Keg

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

4. Explain the theoretical and historical construction of sexual Essay

4. Explain the theoretical and historical construction of sexual identity. Illustrate your answer with reference to the role of race in the construction of sexual identity and sexual roles - Essay Example The essentialist view looks into the biological differences inherent within each individual (Schwartz & Rutter, p.23). The construction of sexual identity is dependent on the genetic program of each individual, whether one is male or female. And consequently, the sexual roles of each are dependent on these biological differences. On the other hand, the social constructionist perspective sees sexual identity as the result of the social processes that are dependent on social interactions and social institutions (Schwartz & Rutter, p.23). Sexual roles, then, are dependent on the sanctioned norms that define the differences between male and female behavior. Sexual identity can, therefore, be seen as a result of social expectations because that is who an individual is supposed to be, whether male or female. With this perspective, the biology and inherent sexual being is being matched to the sexual role. We are expected to behave as a male or as a female according to the biological roles that each one plays. The roles are learned through culture, however, it is expected to match the inherent biological sexual orientation that each one has. Sexual identity can also be a result of learned behavior. In this perspective, culture is a significant process in acquiring one’s sexual identity and role. An individual learns to behave in such a way that their social experiences dictate. One can behave like a male or a female, depending on how one is socially influenced. From these primary perspectives, other theories and perspectives come into play. With the movement and changes of the social world, the theories also move from defining primarily how one is expected to behave, to differences in power, social roles and expectations according to gender sensitivity and similar social constructs that affects the society’s course of thinking regarding sexual identity. The major sociological perspectives interpret sexual identity differently. Functionalist perspective

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Analysis of Bubonic Plague Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of Bubonic Plague - Research Paper Example Due to the severity and intolerableness of its effects, this plague was considered as a lethal cause of death. The origins of this plague are associated with the East and a rapid spread is acknowledged all around Europe. The plague resulted in a diminishment of entire communities and a lack of resources and manpower to deal with the bodies was also accounted (HistoricUK). This paper will analyze the situation of England by considering social, economic, religious and political grounds during that era. Political Factors The most devastating era for London was during 1563 when the death rate due to the bubonic plague reached its peak. Approximately 80,000 deaths were reported and further analysis reveals almost 1000 weekly death in August 1600 weekly in September and 1800 in October (Miller & Orr). As a result of frequent death reports, people started to migrate from London. The elite class had no issues escaping the infectious plague and left the premises of London easily. Like many ot her accounts, poorer families and the financially unsound population were left to die. Queen Elizabeth also fled without paying heed to the people left behind. The political powers, yet again, seemed to support the privileged rich families with no regard given to the humanity and precious lives of poor people. This was not the end of Elizabeth’s political power and justice, she further passed a law to hang any person who enters from London. This justice was not to protect anyone except her own life. The restrictions on imports were also imposed to protect herself from the deadly plague. However, the plague still prevailed and crossed the borders without paying heed to Elizabeth’s orders and laws in 1578. Elizabeth took a rather realistic step and physicians were directed to find cures and prepare preventions for the plague diseases. Economic Factors The economic condition of England was greatly affected by the Plague. Almost half of the London population died due to th e devastating effects and ultimate demise of the victims. The poorer labor force was affected the most as this class could not flee or escape the horrifying effects of the plague. The high death rate of the labor class resulted in the shortage of labor force in England. This resulted in high pay demands of labors and landowners were forced to move towards money rents and dodge high labor costs. In addition, farming was replaced with grazing practices which needed fewer workforces. The peasants remained privileged due to high wage rates, as long as the rulers or elite class did not put hands on the state’s funds for their personal expenditures and motives. In order to overcome the labor availability issues at reasonable rates and curb the power of labor class, the political step was taken with the fixation of wage rate. The migration, in addition, was prohibited to keep the labor facilities available for their own needs. These steps created a negative attitude of the workforce and the rise of Priests’ Revolt is often associated with these political actions taken during the plague period. Religious Factors The Plague appeared for unknown reasons and the indistinct reasons led to chaos in the minds of the people regarding the underlying reasons for its spread.  Ã‚  

Monday, January 27, 2020

L. Pisonis Nut Oil Extraction

L. Pisonis Nut Oil Extraction The search for new crops to provide vegetable oils for use in the industry and also for human consumption is growing increasingly over the past two decades. A rapid search on Web of Science„ ¢ platform present more than 19200 results related to nuts, more than 7600 documents are related to edible oils, and more than 22000 results associated with vegetable oil. Additionally, the published items regarding vegetable oil increased from 282 in 1996, to more than 1930 in 2016 proving the growing interest by the scientific community in such field of study [1]. Several Brazilian seeds/nuts species, especially from the Amazonian area have been studied during the last years and most of them were shown to present bioactive compounds and also potential as functional foods [2]-[7]. Nevertheless, some other species are not well-known or were not summited to any further study to elucidate other characteristics. Lecythis pisonis Camb., a Lecythydaceae tree that grows in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and in the Guyanas, commonly known as sapucaia provide nuts particularly similar with that of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). The delicious edible kernels of sapucaia present a characteristic sweet flavor, being considered more digestible than Brazil nut [8]. In addition to the economic and ecological importance of sapucaia, often used to shade cocoa plantations in Brazilian agroforestry systems [9], the nuts from L. pisonis are a valuable source of macro and micronutrients, essential amino acids, minerals such as P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Mn, Ba, Zn, Fe, Sr, Cu, B, Al, and Cl [3], [10], and also fibers [11]. Furthermore, the sapucaia nuts constitute a relevant source of lipids, about 51-64% [5], [8], [10], [11], in which there is a predominance of the linoleic acid (essential fatty acid). Although sapucaia can be considered a potential crop to provide raw material for the production of vegetable oil, the available papers that studied the nuts have mostly focused on the mineral and fatty acid profile [3], [5], [10], [12], [13], and the latest reports are limited to some agronomic, microbial and pharmacological aspects [9], [14]-[17]. Vegetable oils are widely utilized in many applications such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutics, and biofuel industries. Consequently, stability tests, rheological essays, phase transitions and other properties of the oils should be well characterized to optimize processing conditions and energy inputs [18], [19]. No reference has been found regarding the total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, thermal and rheological characterization of sapucaia nut oil. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the sapucaia nut oils extracted by Soxhlet and Bligh Dyer means and evaluated for their fatty acid composition, rheological behavior, and thermal properties by using DSC and TG/TGA analysis, total phenolic content, antioxidant properties and oxidative stability by Rancimat in addition to Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). 2.1 Chemicals Other reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade. The aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water. 2.2 Samples Lecythis pisonis nuts were harvest from a crop area located in the city of Araguanà £, Maranhà £o State, Brazil. The nuts (Fig. 1) were dried in an air-circulating oven (Soc. Fabbe, Brazil) at 40  °C for 24 h. Nutshells were removed manually using a stainless steel knife and then submitted to freeze-drying (Liotop L101, Liobras, Brazil) to remove the residual moisture. Prior to the oil extraction, the nut samples were crushed for 30 s with the aid of a stainless steel knife grinder (MA630/1 Marconi Ltda., Brazil). 2.3 Extraction of nuts oils The oil content of L. pisonis nut samples was extracted by the Bligh Dyer method described in AOCS Ba 3-38 method, and also using n-hexane with Soxhlet apparatus (Vidrolabor ®, Labor Quimi, Brazil) according to American Oil and Chemical Society Official Method (1997). Oils were named LP1 and LP2, respectively. After the oil extraction, solvents were removed at 43  °C under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator (Model 801, Fisatom Ltda., Brazil). Samples were dried at 45  °C in an air circulating oven (Solab, Brazil) and then flushed with gaseous N2 before storage. The oils were kept in an amber glass and stored at -10  °C until further analysis. 2.4 Analytical determinations 2.4.1 Water content and apparent pH Water content was measured by volumetric Karl Fischer titration using a titration system (V30 Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland) [21]. The determination of the pH was performed according to Pena Muniz et al. (2015), as recommended by the Brazilian National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance without previous dilution of the oil, with the aid of a digital pH meter (Model PG1800 Gehaka) at 25  ± 2  °C. The results represent the mean of three measurements. 2.4.2 Measurement of fatty acid composition Fatty acid composition of fresh L. pisonis oils was investigated according to AOCS Official Method Ce 1a-13 [20] by using a GC-MS system (GC-2010) coupled to a mass spectrometer (GCMS-TQ8030) and automatic injection system by headspace (Shimadzu, Japan). Oil samples solubilized with hexane were methylated as described by AOCS Ce 2-66 and then injected into a capillary HP88 column (60 m ÃÆ'- 0.250 mm i.d., 0.2 ÃŽÂ ¼m film thickness, Agilent Technologies) using helium as carrier gas (0.64 mL/min). Oven temperature was programmed to be 175  °C (isothermal) and the detector was held at 250  °C. An aliquot of 1 ÃŽÂ ¼L of the sample was injected using the split injection mode (1:100). Fatty acid composition was expressed as the percentage of the total peak area of all the fatty acids in the oil sample. 2.4.3 Rheological studies Rheological measurements of oils were performed according to Teixeira et al. (2016), by using a Haake Mars II (Thermo Electron GmbH, Germany) rheometer connected to a thermostatic bath (Haake K15), a thermo-circulator water unit (Haake DC5B3) and a Peltier temperature control (Haake UTM Controller). A sensor cone-plate (C60/2  °Ti L) with a diameter of 60 mm and a cone angle of 2  ° was used. Samples remained in the rheometer for 5 min prior to analysis, and sampling was carried out in duplicate. The following measurements were performed: i) flow curve ( = 0.01-500 s-1, t = 300 s); ii) dynamic stress sweep (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 0.01-100 Pa, à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 1 Hz) and subsequent dynamic frequency sweep (à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 0.1-100 Hz, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 1.0 Pa); and iii) temperature sweep (T = 10-60  °C, t = 1440 s, 2  °C/min and 60-10  °C, t = 600 s, 5  °C/min; à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 1 Hz, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 1.0 Pa). Temperature sweeps were performed at a constant tension of 0.5% in the Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR). The samples were covered by using a sample hood in order to avoid interference of the ambient temperature. The coefficient of determination (R2) and chi-square (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2) were chosen to evaluate the fit of the Ostwald-de Waele (Eq. (1)) and Herschel-Bulkley (Eq. (2)) models to the experimentally obtained flow curves: Ostwald-de Waele (OW) (1) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = + ()nH Herschel-Bulkley (HB) (2) where à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ is the shear stress (Pa), is the shear rate (s-1), à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H is the HB yield stress (Pa), K and KH are the consistency index (Pa ·sn), and n and nH are the flow behavior indexes (dimensionless). The effect of the temperature on apparent viscosity was evaluated according to an Arrhenius type equation (Eq. (3)), using a shear rate of 53.4 s-1. (3) where is the apparent viscosity at a specific shear rate, is the preexponential factor, is the activation energy (J.mol-1), is the gas constant (8.31 J. K-1 . mol-1) and is the absolute temperature (K). 2.4.4 Oxidative Stability Index The oxidative stability index (OSI) was estimated in a Metrohm Rancimat model 743 (Herisau, Switzerland), following the American Oil Chemists Society Official Method Cd 12b-92 [20]. Briefly, increasing water conductivities were continually measured while air (20 L/h) was bubbled into the oil (3  ± 0.1 g) heated to 110  °C and their volatile compounds were collected in water. The time taken to reach the conductivity inflection time was recorded. IP was registered by Rancimat 743 PC Software 1.1. 2.4.5 Infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were determined by using a Vertex-70 spectrometer (Bruker, USA) with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory, at 25  °C. The oil samples were placed uniformly in the ATR crystal (1.5 mm active area). The FTIR spectra were recorded in the wavenumber range of 4000 to 600 cmˆ’1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cmˆ’1 [23]. 2.4.6 TG-TGA Thermal decomposition TGA analyses were performed in TGA 4000 equipment (PerkinElmer Inc. Waltham, USA). Oil sample (~10 mg) was placed into the platinum pan and then placed in a furnace. The sample was heated from 30 to 750  °C (10  °C/min) in the air atmosphere (70 mL/min flow rate) or under a nitrogen atmosphere. Data on the weight changes of oil samples were obtained from the Pyris„ ¢ software. TG and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were further analyzed by using Origin 8.6 software (OriginLab, Massachusetts, USA). The thermal stability was measured from the extrapolated onset temperature of the first step of thermal decomposition from respective TG curves, by using the beginning and the peak temperature of the respective DTG peak, as the temperature limits of the data analysis software of the instrument. 2.4.7 DSC Analysis For DSC analysis, a DSC 8500 (PerkinElmer Inc. Waltham, USA) equipped with Pyris„ ¢ software was used. Nitrogen (99.99% purity, White Martins, Brazil) was the purge gas (20 mL/min). The DSC instrument was previously calibrated with Indium (m.p. 156.6  °C, ΆH = 28.45 J/g). The sample was weighed into an aluminum pan and sealed. An empty hermetically sealed aluminum sample pan was used as the reference. In order to reduce temperature gradients, the sample mass was kept small (~ 9.0 mg). The methodology applied was adapted from Zhang et al. (2013). For cooling and melting curves, the samples were first rapidly heated to 80  °C (30  °C/min) from room temperature and held for 10 min. Then, the samples were cooled to ˆ’80  °C (10  °C /min) and held for 10 min to make them fully crystallized, then heated to 80  °C (5  °C /min). To study the effect of the cooling rate on crystallization, samples were rapidly heated to 80  °C (30  °C/min) from room temperature to erase the crystallization memory, and held for 5 min, then the samples were cooled to ˆ’80  °C at the cooling rates of 2  °C/min, 5  °C/min and 10  °C/min, respectively. The cooling thermogram was recorded. For investigating melting profile of L. pisonis oils under isothermal crystallization, the samples were heated at 80  °C (30  °C/min) for 5 min and then cooled (100  °C/min) to a preset temperature (ˆ’10  °C, 0  °C, 10  °C, 20  °C), and hold at that temperature for 10 min for crystallization, then heated to 80  °C (5  °C/min). The melting thermogram was recorded. Pyris„ ¢ manager software was used to calculate the parameters of crystallization and melting, enthalpies, and the solid fat content (SFC) which was estimated based on the integrated area under the melting curve [25]. To measure the cloud point of the oils, the cooling curves at the rate of 2  °C/min were used. The cloud point was the onset temperature of the initial small exothermic peak on these cooling curves [26]. 2.4.8 Total phenolic compounds Contents of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay in methanolic extracts of vegetable oils [27]using microplates technique [28],with gallic acid as a standard for the calibration curve. The absorbance at 720 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (Tecan Nanoquant Infinite ® M200, Tecan Trading AG, Switzerland) after reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in the alkaline medium stand in the dark for 1 h. Contents of the TPC were expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of oil. 2.4.9 Antioxidant essays of the oil extracts The free radical scavenging evaluated by the DPPH assay was determined in triplicate using the method proposed byBrand-Williams et al., (1995). The absorbance at a wavelength of 517 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (Tecan Nanoquant Infinite ® M200, Tecan Trading AG, Switzerland). ABTS scavenging activity of oil extracts was determined in triplicate using the method described by Re et al., (1999). The absorbance at 734 nm was measured. The total antioxidant potential of the oil extracts was performed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay [31]. Measurements were performed using the spectrophotometer at 593 nm. The absorbance of the samples was compared to a standard curve (100-1000  µmol/L) and results expressed in mmoL Trolox equivalent per g of oil [mmol TE/g]. All the essays had minor changes as proposed by Zielinski et al., (2016). The determinations were performed in triplicate. 2.5 Data analysis Origin 8.6 software (OriginLab, Massachusetts, USA) was employed to data treatment and graphs. Statistica 10.0 (Statsoft, Brazil) was used for statistical analysis, including means and standard deviations (SD). The experiments were carried out in triplicate. 3.1 Water content and apparent pH As expected for this type of raw material, sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis) oil (SO) samples presented very low water content, to be specific 0.077  ± 0.006 %, and 0.097  ± 0.006 % for LP1 and LP2, respectively. Regarding the apparent pH of SO, LP1 presented 5.720  ± 0.036 and LP2 showed a pH value of 5.353  ± 0.040. 3.2 Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties Concerning the content of phenolic compounds in SO, LP1 presented higher TPC content than LP2(Table 1). In this regard, SO present greater TPC content (1.418 mg GAE/100 g, average value) than almond oil (0.95 mg GAE/100 g), however, Brazil nut has twice the content of TPC (3.64 mg GAE/100 g) than sapucaia, and macadamia presents fifteen times more TPC (22.5 mg GAE/100 g) [33]. In general terms, the sample LP1 obtained by a cold extraction process showed better antioxidant characteristics than LP2. Natural antioxidants that might prevent biological systems from reactive oxygen species are generally present in vegetable oils as phenolic compounds, phytosterols, tocopherols (Vitamin E) and carotenoid compounds [34]. The results found by in vitro antioxidant assays present some variations that might be assigned to the different mechanisms in the analysis (Table 1). These assays are grouped in the electron-transfer category and there is some specificity among them. DPPH and ABTS radical cations have the same mechanism and present characteristic color which can be monitored by a spectrophotometer when the oil extract is mixed with a reactant solution and the reduced form of the radical shows a loss of color as a result of the donation of a hydrogen atom. Similarly, in the presence of antioxidants compounds, FRAP is characterized by electron transfer ability, tha t results in the reduction of iron ions [35] 3.3 Fatty acids profile Fourteen different fatty acids (FA) were identified in the studied SO (Table 2). The oils were composed predominantly of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (61-73%), in which 39.08-45.66% were monounsaturated (MUFA), and 21.95-27.63% were comprised of polyunsaturated (PUFA), such as linoleic and ÃŽÂ ±-linolenic acids, which have been proved to effectively reduce the risk of cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes [36]. Such FA profile is rather common for Brazilian edible nuts [5], [37], which reinforces the idea of consuming more nuts rich in fatty acids beneficial to human health, since the main commercial source of PUFA, such as à Ã¢â‚¬ °-3 and à Ã¢â‚¬ °-6 has been fish and fish fat [36]. Among the MUFAs, oleic was the major FA found in SO, ranging from 35.54-44.28% for LP2, and LP1, respectively. Important to note that oleic acid is the primary à Ã¢â‚¬ °-9 FA in the human diet, and it is the predominant MUFA in many oil nuts, totalizing, for example 38.50% in Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) [22], 65.59% in garampara (Dipteryx lacunifera) [5], 67.62% in tucumà £ (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) and 39.04% in cutia nut (Couepia edulis) [37]. Besides, the SO presented 21.65-27.19% of linoleic acid, an essential FA which presence in reasonable amounts is important for human health [38]. SO also contains two important cis-MUFA, the cis-Vaccenic and cis-11-Eicosenoic in amounts higher than 1.0%. With regard to the saturated fatty acids (SFA), it is noticed that they represented 25.01-37.25% of total FA, mainly palmitic (14.70-21.38%) and stearic (9.63-11.09%); likewise, other SFA such as myristic, heptadecanoic, and behenic were identified in smaller amounts. Arachidic acid, which is usually present in peanut oil was also found in SO in small quantities and the result is in agreement with Costa and Jorge (2012) who found about 0.22% C20:0 for L. pisonis oil. A similar pattern occurs for Brazil nut, which shows 0.36% arachidic acid, and 14.26% palmitic acid [22]. A good factor to evaluate the quality and digestibility of a vegetable oil can be obtained by the amount and composition of UFA and SFA. A high amount of linoleic acid in comparison to oleic acid (à Ã¢â‚¬ °-9) represents a better quality of the vegetable oil [5]. In this regard, the relationship between linoleic/oleic acids should be considered. The oils can present diverse values for this relationship depending on the extraction method. According to Table 3, the UFA/SFA ratio, as well as the linoleic/oleic ratio for sapucaia oils are lower to those found by [5] and [10], once their oils showed higher content of linoleic acid (Table 2). When compared to other Brazilian oleaginous nuts such as Brazil nut, garampara [5], and cutia nut [37] the unsaturation relationship values between linoleic and oleic acid were also quite different. 3.4 Oxidative Stability Index The oxidative stability index (OSI) is considered an important step in evaluating oil quality. The OSI was evaluated during Rancimat analysis until the end point of stability for SO samples and was expressed in hours. Experimental results confirmed that Bligh Dyer (13.28  ± 0.22 h), which is a cold extraction process, is a technique that causes less damage to the oil in comparison to Soxhlet (7.18  ± 0.50 h) which provided almost one-half of the OSI. The high oleic acid content in SO tends to protect the oil against thermo-oxidation. Costa and Jorge (2012) found 24.89 h of OSI (evaluation at 100  °C) for L. pisonis oil extracted by cold pressing. At the same Rancimat conditions used in this study, similar results were found for Brazil nut oil (8.24 h), hazelnut (8.88 h) and macadamia (7.38 h) [33]. 3.5 Thermal decomposition Thermogravimetric curve (TG) shows the mass loss, and the derivative thermogravimetric curve (DTG) shows the rate of mass loss of SO during thermal decomposition from 30 to 750  °C by TGA (Fig. 2). The values of mass loss are indicated in Table 4. The TG curves indicated that SO were thermally stable up to 303  °C with a mass loss of ~5%. This can be explained by the loss of moisture and volatile compounds in the oils. The oxidative process in vegetable oils is characterized initially by the oxidation forming secondary products (peroxides). The following phase corresponds to the decomposition of MUFA, mainly oleic acid and the polymerization of the substances remaining from the previous phase [39]. Dynamic and inert atmospheres cause different pattern in the TG/DTG profiles. The decomposition and carbonization processes in the air atmosphere occurred in three phases of the curve starting at around 130  °C, achieving about 53-58% mass loss at 405-440  °C, and ending at a temperature range of 611-625  °C, while for nitrogen atmosphere, the process showed two steps, initiating at ~160  °C, reaching 62-75 % mass loss at 426-435  °C, and finishing at 500  °C. DTG curves (Fig. 2) shows more clearly the steps of thermal decomposition. At the higher above-mentioned temperatures, the mass loss reached 100% (no residue remaining). The high UFA content in SO, mainly oleic and linoleic acid are related to be responsible for the occurrence of oxidative degradation reactions [22]. The high values of Ti (onset temperature) showed that SO have high thermal stability, being that the higher is the Ti of decomposition of the oil, the higher is the thermal stability. The results are similar to that of Brazil nut, which is thermally stable up to 209-220  °C and reaches a maximum mass loss of 97% at 580-602  °C [22], [39]. Differences between the thermal behaviors of SO can be related to the FA compositional differences, and also because of the presence of natural antioxidants which tends to protect the oils against oxidation, thus retarding the degradation [40]. 3.6 Thermal behavior for crystallization and melting 3.6.1 Temperature for crystallization and the influence of scanning rate In order to investigate the melting profile of SO under isothermal crystallization, previous tests were done. In one hand, the melting thermogram (Fig. 3 a, b) revealed that when frozen at -10  °C the oil samples showed endothermic peaks at -6.81  °C (LP1) and at -6.16  °C (LP2), with a enthalpy of 9.28 J/g for LP1 and 7.26 for LP2. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that there was no event afterward 0  °C, revealing that no crystallization occurs after that temperature. Such a feature may confirm the liquid state of the SO at room temperature (25  °C). During cooling, the oils exhibited two transitions. The thermograms showed that the position of the exotherms is dependent on the cooling rate, while the amount of the exotherms is independent on the cooling rate. In addition, increasing the cooling rate causes the crystallization peak temperature to shift to lower temperatures, the peak height and area increase (Fig. 3 c, d). This behavior may correspond to the differential crystallization of higher melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) firstly and lower melting TAGs secondly. Similar results are described for palm oil fractions [24]. The scanning rate of 2  °C/min reduces the lag in output response from the DSC instrument as well as preserves the minor peaks and reduces the smoothing tendencies, which occurred at a higher scanning rate; however, the first peak is too small when compared to the rate of 5  °C/min, which provided better resolution for the peak analysis in the Pyris„ ¢ software. 3.6.2 Cooling curve During cooling (Fig. 4a), SO presented a similar pattern of crystallization showing two distinct peaks (exothermic) in the crystallization behavior, namely peak 1 (PC1) and peak 2 (PC2). PC1 which indicates the change from liquid to solid was found in the temperature of -11.56 (LP1) and -12.51 (LP2), while the PC2 was observed in the temperature range of -59.80 to -73.93  °C, both related to the crystallization of TAGs. The crystallization onset temperature occurs at around -8.0  °C and this process extends over a range of 15-23  °C. The sum of the crystallization enthalpy of the two peaks for the two oils were -22.17 and -32.56 J/g for LP1 and LP2, respectively (Table 5). Heat is released during the phase transition of oil from liquid form to solid form; for this reason, values for crystallization enthalpy were negative [41]. Different endothermic and exothermic peaks are exhibited according to different contents of saturated or unsaturated TAG and FA present in the oils [42]. Smaller or shoulder peak are also correlated to the differing type of TAG. In addition, an inseparable shoulder peak which melts at the same temperature range comes from the complex nature of the TAG [43]. 3.6.3 Heating curve During melting, SO were found to be completely melted at 8.28  °C and 6.29  °C (LP1 and LP2, respectively) when heated at 5  °C/min (Fig. 4b). Moreover, LP1 showed a single major shoulder before the maximum melting peaks (PM) at -18.42  °C, while LP2 showed a major shoulder before PM (-21.47  °C) and an additional one, after the major peak at -6.61  °C. The melting curve of SO began at -25.77  °C (LP1), and -29.87  °C (LP2) and the major peak was observed in a temperature region varying between -7.99 to -10.13  °C, ending the events around -1.09 to -1.68  °C. The process comprises a melting range of 24-28  °C, with a melting enthalpy of 59.34 (LP1) and 64.76J/g (LP2) (Table 5). During heating treatment of oil, multiple endothermic regions are correlated to the separate melting events of the TAG. Furthermore, the composition and polymorphism of the oils can cause some overlapping effects, resulting in different shapes of the endothermic peaks [18]. The phase transitions are principally determined by the degree of heterogeneity in the composition of the oils, and include breaking/formation of hydrogen bonds, being a result of structural rearrangements in the chains of glycerides. [44]. 3.6.4 Cloud point The cloud point is referred as the temperature at which oil begins to cloud as a result as a result of the first stage of crystallization under controlled cooling, and it is related to the oils degree of unsaturation. The higher is the unsaturation of the oil, the lower the cloud point [26]. The cooling curves of sapucaia oils showed an initial small exothermic peak at -6.87  °C (LP1) and -7.00  °C (LP2). This peak corresponded to the first stage of crystallization and cloud point corresponded to the onset of crystallization. A second large exothermic peak at ˆ’49.95  °C (LP1) and -49.96  °C (LP2) with further cooling indicated the oil underwent an additional crystallization step. The same behavior was found for hazelnut oils, which presented the first small exothermic peak at -12.4  °C and a large one at -31.5  °C [26]. The lower cloud point of sapucaia oils was also a result of the lower content of SFA compared to the UFA. 3.6.5 Solid Fat Content The solid fat content (SFC) is considered an important physical property of lipids because it expresses their physical, sensorial, technological and protecting/release properties, and it affects physical properties such as consistency, spreadability, and stability [45]. According to the melting thermograms (Fig. 4b), SO presented no changes in SFC previously to -40  °C, so then the data analysis was performed in the range of -40 to 20  °C (melting peak region). The SFC showed less than 2.5% decrease between -40 to -30  °C for the two oils, and started to drop rapidly at around -20 up to 0  °C; then slowed down from 6 to 10  °C until there was no solid fat remaining (Fig. 5). The SFC is associated with the FA profile. Oils with higher content of UFA are easier to melt compared to ones with higher SFA [41], [45]. 3.7 Rheology properties 3.7.1 Steady state rheology The results for rheological behavior of SO shows that the apparent viscosity (ÃŽÂ ·) tends to decrease with increasing temperature (T) and also with increasing the shear rate (ÃŽÂ ³), indicating that the flow of the sapucaia oils is pseudoplastic (n > 1) (Table 6, 7 and Fig. 6). On the one hand, it is usual for oils to exhibit a dependency of T; on the other hand, a non-dependency of higher ÃŽÂ ³ is observed. At 50  °C, the ÃŽÂ · is almost constant throughout the entire range tested, with minimum influence of the ÃŽÂ ³. Furthermore, 2.0 s-1wasthe maximum value of ÃŽÂ ³ which induced major changes in ÃŽÂ · (see detail in Fig. 6, b and c). According to Gila et al. (2015), a greater amount of FAs such as C18:1 and C18:2 as the major components of the oils appear to make a great contribution to the flow behavior of oils. The experimental data fitted by Ostwald-de Waele (OW) and Herschel-Bulkley (HB) models (Fig. 6a, Table 6) showed a good fit (R2 > 0.999; à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 KH values decrease (Fig. 6e and Table 6). Similar observation for many edible oils such as coconut, sunflower, canola, corn [47] and olive oils [48] was reported. The OW model showed that the oils were non-Newtonian (n nH > 1) at 30 and 40  °C (Fig. 6f). The HB model is able to determine yield stress (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H), at which a material begins to deform plastically without returning to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. SO have small values for à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H which also tends to decrease with the increase of T. Fig. 7 shows the non

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Hhielmsn

In this, and subsequent descriptions of the trenches, I may lay myself open to the charge of exaggeration. But it must be remembered that I am describing trench life in the early days of 1914, and I feel sure that those who had experience of them will acquit me of any such charge. To give a recipe for getting a rough idea, in case you want to, I recommend the following procedure. Select a flat ten-acre ploughed field, so sited that all the surface water of the surrounding country drains into it.Now cut a zig-zag slot about four feet deep and three feet wide diagonally across, dam off as much water as you can so as o leave about one hundred yards of squelchy mud; delve out a hole at one side of the slot, then endeavour to live there for a month on bully beef and damp biscuits, whilst a friend has instructions to fire at you with his Winchester every time you put your head above the surface. Well, here I was anyway, and the next thing was to make the bets of it.As I have before said, t hese were the days of the earliest trenches in this war; days when we had none of those â€Å"props† such as corrugated iron, floorboards, and sand bags. When you made a dug-out in those days you made it out of anything you could find, and generally had to make it yourself. Some British soldiers found that captured German trenches were better built than British ones – as H S Clapham wrote after a successful attack

Friday, January 10, 2020

“Click” by John Barth Essay

Barth insight on the worlds technological advancement with computers gave him a good start on an interesting story. By incorporating today’s living with literature he turn out Click. â€Å"Click† some hated it, but some liked it. I think the lack of understanding of this story is what caused those people to dislike the story; the fact that the story was very long also had something to do with it. I will present the in-depth thought that made me understand and really like the story. Also I will put some points from the elements of fiction. I really like the concepts â€Å"Click† presented when I read it. There were some thoughts that the writer expressed, then there were some that was more in-depth and you had to think about. So lets begin the argument. One explicit theme to ‘Click’ is told best by Barth, â€Å"The Hypertextuality of Everyday Life†(73). Where each word can take you further and further into a maze of choices. The choices can go deeper which defines the terms of what you read. Those terms travels along side the paths of day by day activities. Until you get to an endless sea of terms, â€Å"given time and clicks enough, you will have ‘accessed’ virtually the sum of language, the entire expressible world. That’s ‘hypertext,'(75). I understood the combination of these words that are expressed to the fullest extent to be part of this story. The author gave so many side notes in parentheses or any other expressible notation that it could have drove the reader to throw the book against the wall. So, as Barth does so when he goes to express himself with the following â€Å"(because all these digressions, suspensions, parentheses, and brackets are setting the Narrator’s t eeth on edge†¦.)†(77). The text will be to long to show an example from the story. Lets try it anyway â€Å"(Parenthesized elements in this case = amplification that might indeed be cut, but might instead well be ‘hypertexted’ behind the bare-bones description, to accessed on demand, just as further amplifications [not given, but perhaps hypertexted] might lie behind {any highlighted/underlined words})† (76). With this quote you can click on the word that you want to get the information on. If you haven’t figured it out yet hypertext is usually used on a computer thus comes the title â€Å"Click†. Where the computer is the gateway to many passages to more information than any one human brain can handle. Where someone well rehearsed can crack the  highest of security codes with the whelms of their thought; all the way through to the illiterate who use two fingers instead of ten. Wait I’m getting sidetracked, which brings me to my next point of the story. Where â€Å"the flashy home page of their Web-server program, actually encouraging her (the character) to sidetrack here and there in the What’s new? And What’s Cool? Departments† .(78) Where the web give you so many options to go down. I don’t know if any one person can honestly navigate through the entanglement of â€Å"the World Wide Web (WWW), [without] the deployment of ‘bookmarks’ as shortcuts through that electronic labyrinth, the black hole of leisure and very antidote to spare time.† (77) It would have been to frustrating and so over whelming to be focus on one particular thing. Although once you start the journey that’s all one has is time when getting on the internet. Clicking is an action with a choice in a computer’s world. You can get lost with that massive instrument. You can also get lost with the twists of everyday life too. If you assume â€Å"everybody knows, after all (or believes that he or she know,) what ‘everyday life’ is, different as may be the everyday lives of , say, Kuwaiti oil sheikhs and American felons serving life sentences in maximum-security prisons without possibility of parole†.(74) You just deal with all the little conflicts and dilemmas. Where some one’s life can be painstakingly slow. While another’s is speed right through. The point of view of life will always be held by that individual. Where the authors point of view in this story varies. It goes from the third to the first then to the audience. The story is letting’s us experience the everyday life of each character. It is how their lives intertwine that make the story. A good story is drawn on many basis. Barth bring ups the point if a story has â€Å"this constant sidetracking, this what’s-the-rush digression, can take the edge off the main event by the time one gets to it, the way some restaurants lay on so many introductory courses and side dishes that one has no appetite for the entrà ©e†. (82) This concept with drain the life out the story or overly stuff them with tedious details. The audience will lose interest which will distract them from what the author wants to get through to them. If the story holds the â€Å"full agenda [which] was a single item, [the] top  priority always and only the bottom line, [the] eternal (and infernal) Let’s get on with the story in fact a Let’s get done with the story, for the reason†, (83) of a means to an end. The story will be so short that you won’t have much to go on to understanding the story in the first place. These two concepts alone causes a story to tarnish and be a waste of paper in some since. It is the combination of the two that makes a great story. â€Å"Its between fundamentally opposite views of and modes of dealing with the infinitely complex nature of reality† (87). The center of narrative gravity pulls us to the perception of reality on this story. Without the ying there is no yang that holds the boundaries of a story. â€Å"Their tendencies represent contrary narrative impulses of equal validity and importance.† (90) The opposites of each other that counterbalance themselves. Give us â€Å"[a] satisfyingly told story requires enough [Ying]—that is, enough detail amplification, and analysis— to give it clarity, texture, solidity, verisimilitude, and empathetic effect.† (90) The detail terms that can be taken out of the parenthesis sometime with give that require information (that hypertexted). â€Å"It [also] requires equally enough [Yang]—that is, efficiently directed forward motion, ‘profluence,’ on-with-the-storyness– for coherence, anti-tedium, and dramatic effect.† (90). The story has to keep to a single track, because if you split it up to much you have multiple stories with no ending. Where â€Å"CNG’s interactive E-fiction serendipitously supply the terms ‘Expediter’ and ‘Enhancer’ to shorthand the characterological differences that erupted†,(87) expediter being Mark and the enhancer being Valerie. Valerie the ying of the story. The one who you need to fill the story in with enough details to help the reader understand what it is all about. Where Valerie validates what Marks role have to do with the story by saying his concept is â€Å"who gave a damn?–[Mark’s] idea of living life was the same, Let’s get done with it, [an example of her situation] every time she saw him ready and fidgeting in the car a full ten minutes earlier than he knew as well as she they needed to leave for work, she was tempted to suggest that they drive straight to the funeral parlor and get done with it.† (83) That is what the expediter can’t help but do. Val’s statement † ‘I thought you  were the big moving-onner and I was the over-dwelling-on-things.’ â€Å"(88) The author gave us a foreshadowing uncharacteristic of, the intrapersonal relationship with Mark, Valerie where â€Å"(Val ‘s better than Mark, we remember, at shrugging of f their infrequent blowups)†. (87) Although by the end of the story you have â€Å"Val (who, decidedly herself even after deciding to be more Marklike)†, (91) Which we will confront of Marks behave. Then there is Mark the yang of the story. You need him to get to the point of the story and not to lead you to different paths that are available to access in the story. Where his thoughts were â€Å"having no timetable or deadlines doesn’t mean having no agenda or priorities†, (82) to give and example â€Å"Expediter and enhancer in the Supermarket, he with grocery list in one hand, pencil in other, and eye on watch, she already examining the (unlisted) radicchio and improvising new menu plans down the line†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , (79). Where that is the Enhancer for you, the person who comes up with more of the story and gives you a better â€Å"taste† variety. Where his uncharacteristic foreshadowing is shown with, â€Å"He’s less ready to take offense, but slower to put their occasional tiffs behind him.† (81). Also â€Å"(Val’s better than Mark, we remember, he tends to forget that and to project from his own distress [of dwelling on their argu ment longer ])†, (87). When toward the end â€Å"Mark (inescapably himself even when determined to be more Valish)† (91). The contradictory of the two characters gave the story its base. The â€Å"anonymous oddball whose homepage [was] http://www.epiphs.art† (78) alias CNG â€Å"who happened just then to be passing by and sympathetically so saw and heard them [at that horrible Saturday quarrel], or a couple not unlike them, toe-to-toeing it, and who then subsequently was inspired to imagine.† (84) Created and gave us the fictional story of Irma and Fred, who are the replacement to Valerie and Mark. They where part of the beginning (of the end) of the story. They along with millions of other names in the world are made up identities in order for its users to surf the web freely. It could also represent the wants of that individual to be someone else other than themselves. Although we are not going to get into that ordeal. The setup of the story begins with the near ending which in Marks case is â€Å"Lets be done with it† morality. CNG who is the supposedly author/narrator of the â€Å"Click†Ã‚  story. Kind of at first threw me off, because I thought the story was going to be a third person point of view. Well once the ideal of the end of the Irma and Fred story here comes the bulk of the actual story, where the Val morality is used. When the end of the end came it left me wanting more. â€Å"Valerie lifts one [long] [lithe] [cinnamon-tan] leg up and with her [left] [great] toe gives the Mac’ master switch a† (92). WHAT? I would have yell if I wasn’t in a crowded area when I read that last page. It leaves you with the daunting of the hypertexts of choices. Since this is a book you wouldn’t be able click on any of the above words to get the ending. You left tittering on the edge of a cliff that drops for days on ends. The taunting the author leaves you by not using the Mark in any good story. Yet that was his aim even for the ending to turn out to be happy and open to imagination.